Aim: Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?
I – Renaissance 1350 A.D. – 1527 A.D.
A. The re-awakening or rebirth for Europe, particularly western Europe
B. Took place after the plague, 100 year war, and political instability
C. Took place in western Europe and began in Italy
不可开交的近义词D. Most important idea of the Renaissance is choice/freewill – Man has the ability to shape their own life
II – Key Ideas of the Renaissance
A. Humanism – Stretches back to ancient Rome (Homer – Introduces the idea of Humanism)
马嵬驿民俗文化村>小学生寒假作文B. The definition of Humanism:
1. The belief in the concept of individualism – The individual is important, humans are amazing, smart, and capable of reason
∙ “Men can do all things if they will”
2. The ideal Renaissance man is multi-talented (e.g. Leonardo da Vinci)
3. Education is stresd (more cular, less religion)
Middle Ages | Renaissance |
麒麟传说1. God is superior | 1. Prai god, but also prai man |
2. Men and women are evil/original sinners (e.g. Adam and Eve) | 2. Man is created in God’s image (Man can’t be evil if they are created after God’s image) |
3. Man is insignificant next to God | 3. Man is esntial good and capable of choice. Man has freewill and can shape their own future (Pico Mirandola wrote about this) |
4. People are obsd with heaven and the after life | 4. De-emphasize the after life and live life. Buy things for yourlf (materialism) |
5. Man feared god | 5. Humans portrayed as 3D in art |
6. Large cathedrals were built | |
7. In art, humans were portrayed in 2D and un-realistically | |
| |
III – Why it begins in Italy
A. The urban society was more cular than religious
企业发展战略规划B. Powerful, wealthy trading cities (Venice, Genoa, Pisa)
C. Birthplace of ancient Rome and Greece
D. Ri of the middle class – Bankers and merchants were most powerful, influential, and common (Medici was a wealthy banker who support Michelangelo)
我像只鱼儿在你的荷塘Aim: Is Machiavelli correct in saying that the end justified the means?
I- Niccolo Machiavelli
A. Born in Italy in 1469 A.D. and died in 1527 A.D.
B. Famous Renaissance political thinker
C. Wrote a famous book: The Prince:
1. His main concern was how should rulers acquire and keep political power
2. Famous question – “Is it better to be feared or loved?” (Love is ephemeral/subject to change, while fear is more powerful and permanent)
∙ The book express Machiavelli’s negative view of human nature – He thought that men were lfish and they changed their mind easily
∙ Machiavelli said that fear was more important than love for rulers becau fear is permanent
3. Idea of the writing – “The ends justify the means” – As long as you achieve your goal, the way you got to it doesn’t matter
4. Unlike the middle ages, where rulers wanted respect and they believe in Christian ethics and morality, Machiavelli felt that lies, dishonesty, and loor ideas of ethics were crucial to rulers
Aim: How did Martin Luther’s religious reforms lead to a new branch of Christianity called Protestantism?
I – Christian Humanism
A. Renaissance ideas spread to northern Europe (Germany and Holland)
B. Christian Humanism believed that humans had the ability to reason and improve themlves
C. Erasmus - A Dutch religions reformer
1. He said that Christianity should show people how to live good daily lives instead of focusing exclusively on being saved育民小学
∙ He stresd the inwardness of religious feeling (this is emotional)
∙ HE said that people could find God on their own
II – Protestant Reformation – 1517 A.D.
A. Martin Luther was a German monk
B. He called for a reformation (a change in the Church’s way of teaching and practicing Christianity)
C. There was a split in the Catholic church which led to a new type of Christianity, Protestantism
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D. Luther’s ideas:
1. Justification by faith alone – Faith alone in God is enough to bring about salvation
2. He criticized the Church’s practice of lling indulgences, certificates, which would give the buyer of the indulgence a guarantee of admission into heaven and forgiveness for all of their sins
3. He accud the pope of being corrupt and having to much power (Pope Leo 10th was the pope at the time)
4. “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched” – The idea that people can think for themlves
5. 1517 A.D. – Luther nailed 95 thes (statements) to the church door in Wittenberg, Germany
6. Luther became popular, but Pope Leo X tried to get Luther withdraw his criticisms of the catholic church
∙ Luther did not take his thes back, and in 1521 A.D., the Edict of Worms was formed. This said that Luther was to be excommunicated
o When this happened, Luther’s writings were also burned
o German princes stood up for Luther during the edict of worms
o Luther printed a German bible with his views after being excommunicated, and this started the Protestant religion with the original name, Lutheranism
o Luther felt the bible should be the final authority on religion
o He felt that the church was a community of believers and no hierarchies
o Under his modification of Catholicism, Protestantism, priests could have kids
