CHAPTER 4
COMMUNICATING ACROSS CULTURES
CHAPTER DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1.How does culture affect the process of attribution in communication?
Cultural differences induce additional noi into the communication process. A nder’s message contains the meaning intended by the encoder. When the message reaches the receiver, it undergoes a transformation which is influenced by the receiver’s culture.
2.What is stereotyping? Give some examples. How might people stereotype you? How does
候鸟族
a sociotype differ from a stereotype?过年贴春联的寓意
Stereotyping occurs when a person assumes that every member of a society or subculture has the characteristics or traits. Students might be stereotyped bad on their race, gender, appearance, affiliations (Greek, jock), major area of study (accountant, techno-geek), ethnic heritage, religion or other attribute. A sociotype is a means of accurately describing members of a group by their traits—which is uful to provide some initial basis for understanding people in a new encounter.
3. What is the relationship of language and culture? How is it that people from the same language may still mis-communicate?
Language conveys culture, technologies and priorities. Language is inparable from culture; language cannot be interpreted without an understanding of culture. Within a given language group are many sub-cultures that have their own interpretations of certain words or phras, or who may have their own idioms or regional expressions.
ppt北京4. Give some examples of cultural differences in the interpretation of body language. What is the role of such non-verbal communication in business relationship s? Americans look straight at you when communicating, whereas the British keep your attention by looking away. Arabs prefer to touch and stand very clo when communicating. Koreans speak more loudly to emphasize a point; Americans speak loudly when they are angry. Improper non-verbal communication can add a significant level of noi to the communication process. The listener may attribute meaning to the noi that might damage the business relationship.
5. Explain the differences between monochronic and polychronic time systems. U some examples to illustrate their differences and the role of time in intercultural communication.
Monochronic time systems have a linear system of time with a past, prent and future. People in monochronic systems generally concentrate on one thing at a time. Polychronic time systems are a non-linear system of time where people tolerate the simultaneous
occurrence of many events.
6. Explain the differences between high and low-context cultures, giving some examples. What are the differential effects on the communication process?
In high-context cultures, the context in which the communication takes place is vital to the communication of the message—the message is implicit. In low-context cultures, the context in which the communication takes place is condary to the communication—the message is explicit.
误会
7. Discuss the role of information systems in a company, how and why it varies from country to country and the effects of the variations.
Communication in organizations varies according to where and how information originates and the channels and speed at which information flows internally and externally. One example of how cultures vary is on the importance of the source of information. Some cultures prefer important information to originate only from the top of the hierarchy.
END-OF-CHAPTER CASE
ELIZABETH VISITS GPC’S FRENCH SUBSIDIAR Y Discussion Questions
1. What can Elizabeth Moreno do to establish a position of power in front of French managers to help her accomplish her assignment in five days? Explain.罗的拼音怎么写
The French tend to regard authority as residing in the role and not the person; Elizabeth will need to find subtle ways to accentuate her experti, her advanced degree in Chemistry, and her role as Vice President. Further, she will need to demonstrate an intellectual flexibility while allowing the French to show their ability to grasp complex issues and evaluate solutions.
2. What should Elizabeth know about “high-context” vs. “low-context” cultures in Europe? Explain.
Countries in Europe do not share the same cultural context; France is more high-context than Germany. As a result, Elizabeth should pay especially clo attention to the cultural context of the communication including: the medium, the source, the tting, proxemics, paralanguage and object language.
3. What should Elizabeth include in her report so that future executives and scientists avoid commun
ication pitfalls?
Elizabeth could help her peers by noting communications process that worked and noting which process failed. She should provide as much information about the communication
什么是扫描
context as possible.乳酸菌的作用
4. How can technical language differ from everyday language in corporate communications? Technical language is often shared across cultures (the Arabic word for computer is “computer”). Technical language is communicated through its own co mmunication channels—papers, proceedings and journals. The journals are often, though not always, prepared in English. While technical jargon creates a common or shared language on some levels, it does not eliminate the problems associated with cross-cultural communication.滥用抗生素的危害
