【高一同步教程】高中英语必修2 现在完成时的被动语态用法讲解
兼职的好处
【学习目标】
1．现在完成时被动语态的结构 雨过山村古诗
2．现在完成时被动语态的主要用法
3．使用现在完成时的被动语态需要注意的问题
【课前预习】
1．什么是语态？
语态是表示主语和动词之间的主动关系或被动关系的动词形式。英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者（施动者），被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者（受动者）。
2．对现在完成时被动语态的理解
现在完成时被动语态的结构就是 现在完成时态和被动语态结构的叠合，即“ have + been + 动词过去分词”。试比较以下几组句子的谓语结构：
1）主动句：He has repaired the machine for two hours. 他修理这台机器已有两小时了。
被动句：The machine has been repaired for two hours. 这台机器已修了两小时了。
2）主动句：The teacher has borrowed the books. 老师把那些书借走了。
被动句：The books have been borrowed by the teacher. 那些书被老师借走了。
【教学过程】
一、现在完成时被动语态的构成
1．现在完成时被动语态的肯定式
由“have ／has ＋been ＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。例如：锅炉水压试验
Two windows have been broken．两个窗子被打破了。
2．现在完成时被动语态的否定式
由“have ／has ＋not＋been ＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。例如：
The car has not been repaired．这辆汽车还没有修好。
3．现在完成时被动语态的一般疑问式
由“Have ／Has ＋主语＋been＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。例如：
① ─Has her work been finished？她的工作完成了吗？
─Yes，it has．是的，完成了。
② ─Have the cars been repaired？这些汽车修好了吗？
─No，they haven't．不，还没有。
4．现在完成时被动语态的特殊疑问式
由“疑问词＋have／has＋主语＋been＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。例如：
How long has her work been finished？她的工作完成有多久了？
Who has been helped by the new computer？谁已经得到了这台新计算机的帮助？
How many new words have been learned by the students？这些学生已经学会了多少单词？
二、现在完成时被动语态的主要用法
1．表示被动的动作发生在说话之前（即现在的过去），强调对现在造成的影响和结果。例如：The door has been locked．门被锁上了。（结果是现在没有人能进去）
2．表示一个被动的动作或状态开始于过去，持续到现在，并可能将持续下去，常与情绪自控力for或since引导的时间状语连用，或用于How long．？句型中。例如：
The old man has been looked after for twenty years.
1
这位老人已受照顾20年了。（可能还会被照顾下去）
They have been told about it for many times
有人告诉他们这事很多次了。（可能还会有人告诉他们）
How long has the machine been ud？这机器使用有多久了？
护理工作制度三、使用现在完成时的被动语态需要注意的问题
1．现在完成时的被动语态有两个助动词，即 have ／has和been，两者缺一不可。
2．只带有一个宾语的动词变为被动语态时，将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
We have built many hous in the past ten years.
Many hous have been built in the past ten years (by us).
3．带有双宾语的动词，如：give, nd, bring, take, teach, show,, sing, write, read, ll, buy, tell, pay, lend,
pass, promi等，变为被动语态时，可将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个保留不动。
We have given him the book.
He has been given the book.
The book has been given to him.
4．带有复合宾语的动词变为被动语态时，只能将宾语变为主语，原来的宾补改为主语补足语。原来省略to的不定式作宾补时，被动语态中要用带to的不定式。
I have told them to help you.
They have been told to help you.
I have made her work hard.
She has been made to work hard (by me).
5．短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在被动结构中要保持完整性，不可省略短语动词中的
介词或副词。例如：
The orphan has been well looked after．这位孤儿一直受到很好的照顾。
They have referred to the books.
The books have been referred to (by them).
He has thought of a way of doing it.
骚灵情歌 A way of doing it has been thought of (by him).
6．由finish，buy，start，begin，post，return，borrow， join，marry，open等词构成的现在完成时的被动语态不能与表示一段时间的状语如for four days，how long等连用，而要改换动词或时态。例如：
译：这本书买了多久了？
误：How long has this book been bought？
正：How long ago was this book bought？
但这类动词的否定式可表示动作的持续过程，具有延续性，因而可与since或for引导的时间段连用。例如：
No books have been bought since last week．自上周以来，没有人来买过书。
7．注意与一般过去时被动语态的区别。
一般过去时的被动语态表示一个被动的动作发生在过去某个时刻，其结果对现在没有影响；而现在完成时被动语态的动作或状态尽管发生在过去，但侧重说明该动作或状态对现在造成的影响和结果。例如：
The hou was built last year．这房子是去年建造的。
The hou has been built．这房子已经建好了。
四、经典习题
1. I can't e any coffee in this cupboard. . (北京与人方便与己方便的意思2005春)
2
A. Has it all been finished B. Was it all finished C. Has it all finished D. Did it all finish
2. Millions of pounds' worth of damage by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.(重庆 2005)
A. has been caud B. had been caud C. will be caud D. will have been caud
3. More patients in hospital this year than last year. (江苏 2004)
A. treated B. have treated C. had been treated D. have been treated
4. —The window is dirty.
—I know. It for weeks.(2004全国卷Ⅲ)
A. hasn't cleaned B. didn't clean C. wasn't cleaned D. hasn't been cleaned
【答案与解析 】
第1题的第一句话告诉我们，橱柜里看不到咖啡了（对现在造成影响和结果），所以紧接着要问“咖啡已经被喝完了吗？”，故选A。
第2题的意思是“昨晚横扫英格兰北部的暴风雨已经造成了上百万英镑的损失”，这里强调发生在过去的动作对现在造成的影响，故选A。
第3题中的patients与treat之间是被动关系，排除A、B。根据时间状语this year可知用现在完成时的被动语态，故选D。
第4题上句提到“窗户很脏”，所以下句应该是“农村的窗户已经有数周没有被擦了”，故选D。
【课后练习】
一、把下列句子变成被动语态
1. Mary has locked the door.
2. She has told me about the story.
3. I have read this book many times.
