Social factors that influence the u of language
费县旅游景点大全Before we learn the social factors that influence the u of languang, I would like to give an interpretion of language and society. The answer to the question what is society is that society is any group of people who are driven togehteter for a certain purpo or purpos. Then what is language? Language is what the members of a particular society speak. Language is affected by lots of social factors, for example, gender, age, education,social class, ethnic, occupation, regions ,religions and beliefs,etc.
A language is not monolithic and there exist types or varieties of the same language and language variations are around us everywhere and at any time. In this passage, I will mainly talk about four social factors. They are region, social class, gender, and age. The social factors constitute different language variations. Becau the urs are different, the language is divided into six dialects.
The first one is regional dialect. It is a linguistic variety ud by people living in the same geographical region. In order to study the regional dialect, people t the dialect geography. 城市夜
Dialect geography is a branch of linguisitcs which studies the language differences caud by the regional factors.It belongs to historical linguisitcs or diachronic linguistics.According to dialect geography, the dialects differences are the results of language change over time and distance. To give an example, Latin developed into French in france, Spanish in Spain and Italian in Italy over a long periond of development and the subquent political paration. The dialect atlas are very convenient to differentiate the different regional dialects. Dialect atlas are maps on which a line is drawn to show the geographical boundaries of the distribution of a particular linguisitc feature.The line is called isogloss. For example, the Benrath line distinguishes High German from the other West Germanic languages. The major diffrencence is the different prounciation of a ries of sounds. As you know, the speeched are /p, t, k/ in low Germa, but /f, s. x/ in hign German.The dialect boundaries coincide with geographical or political barriors and are also influnced by ecclesiastical frontiers in Europe.
The cond dialect is sociolect. It refers to the linguistics variety of a particular social class. Accent is an important marker of sociolect.For some social reasons, good accent
means good education. It has become characteristic of upper class speech community.There are three basic steps taken in the study of sociolect. They are choosing linguisitcs variables, classifying social class, collection and anaysis of data.
Firstly, a linguistic vartiable is a linguisitic term which has identifiable variants. For example,singing-singin and fishing—fishin. The “ing” has two variants, one is /i?/ and the other is /in/. So the “ing” is a linguistic variable.Linguisitcs variable not only includes phonological ones but also grammatical ones. The example of grammatical variables is the prence and abnce of “s” to show third person singular prent ten.
神行法The cond step is classifying the social class. It is fairly easy to relate the occurences of the variants of a linguisitic variables to factors such as x and age, and the relating them to factors such as race and ethnicity is somewhat more troublesome since the are more subjectve in nature and less easily quantified. But the most complicated of all is the social class. The clasification of social class involes many influencing factors: occupational scales, educational scales, income level, and type of housing. Accoerding to
文化活动中心different criterias, the social class are classified differently. According to the occupational scales, social class are divided into ven groups, the major professionals and executives of large business, lesr professionals and executives in medium-sized business, mi-professionals, techinicians and owners of small business, skilled workers, mi-skilled workers and unskilled workers. As the educational scales is the criteria, the social class are classified as graduate of professional education, college or university degree, attendance in college but no degree, high school graduate,some high school education, and less than ven years of formal education. Becau of different income level, the social class refer to people who income is above 50,000$ per month, 10,000$--50.000$ per month, 5,000$ --10.000$ per month, 1,000$ --5.000$ per month,and ess than 1000$ per month. The third step is collecting and analyzing of data. In Peter Trudgill’s study of the pronuciation of “ing” into /in/ instead of /iN/ Norwish, England.The data anslysis got the result. In the middle middle class, the percentage is 31%. In the lower middle class, it is 42%. In the upper working class,It is 87%. In the middle working class,it is 95%. And in the lower working class,it is 100%.
People usually take the three steps to study the sociolects. However, there are still some problems in the sociolects. The classification of social class are very difficult becau an individual is not easily put into a social class. Besides,the objectivity of the data is hard to guarattee becau once the informants know that they are obrved, their performance may not be contaminated.
地区的英文>郑愁予urgeThe third is about language and gender. Since men and women are different, the language ud by men and women also have some special features of their own. Women are more status-conscious than men and the speech cloly approaches the standard variety. Female tends to have wider intonation and female speech is on the whole, less asrtive and sounds to be more polite than male speech. Language differences between male and female are about four points.
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