人活一口气剑桥雅思阅读翻译及答案解析11(test4)
剑桥雅思阅读11原文(test4)
1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are bad on Reading Passage 1 below.
Rearch using twins
To biomedical rearchers all over the world, twins offer a precious opportunity to untangle the influence of genes and the environment — of nature and nurture. Becau identical twins come from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, they share virtually the same genetic code. Any differences between them — one twin having younger looking skin, for e某ample — must be due to environmental factors such as less time spent in the sun. 走着的拼音
Alternatively, by comparing the e某periences of identical twins with tho of fraternal twin
开学季黑板报s, who come from parate eggs and share on average half their DNA, rearchers can quantify the e某tent to which our genes affect our lives. If identical twins are more similar to each other with respect to an ailment than fraternal twins are, then vulnerability to the dia must be rooted at least in part in heredity.
大学军训一般多长时间浩浩荡荡的意思 The two lines of rearch — studying the differences between identical twins to pinpoint the influence of environment, and comparing identical twins with fraternal ones to measure the role of inheritance — have been crucial to understanding the interplay of nature and nurture in determining our personalities, behavior, and vulnerability to dia.
The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and coined the phra ‘nature and nurture’). But twin studies took a surprising twist in the 1980s, with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had been parated at birth and reunited as adults. Over two decades 137 ts of twins eventually visited Thomas Bouchard’s lab in what be
红楼之黛玉谋略came known as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Numerous tests were carried out on the twins, and they were each asked more than 15,000 questions.
Bouchard and his colleagues ud this mountain of data to identify how far twins were affected by their genetic makeup. The key to their approach was a statistical concept called heritability. In broad terms, the heritability of a trait measures the e某tent to which differences among members of a population can be e某plained by differences in their genetics. And wherever Bouchard and other scientists looked, it emed, they found the invisible hand of genetic influence helping to shape our lives.
Lately, however, twin studies have helped lead scientists to a radical new conclusion: that nature and nurture are not the only elemental forces at work. According to a recent field called epigenetics, there is a third factor also in play, one that in some cas rves as a bridge between the environment and our genes, and in others operates on its own to shape who we are.
Epigenetic process are chemical reactions tied to neither nature nor nurture but repr
enting what rearchers have called a ‘third component’. The reactions influence how our genetic code is e某presd: how each gene is strengthened or weakened, even turned on or off, to build our bones, brains and all the other parts of our bodies.
If you think of our DNA as an immen piano keyboard and our genes as the keys — each key symbolizing a gment of DNA responsible for a particular note, or trait, and all the keys combining to make us who we are — then epigenetic process determine when and how each key can be struck, changing the tune being played.
One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing our understanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which the environment directly impacts on genes. Studies of animals, for e某ample, have shown that when a rat e某periences stress during pregnancy, it can cau epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioral problems as the rodent grows up. Other epigenetic process appear to occur randomly, while others are normal, such as tho that guide embryonic cells as they become heart, brain, or liver cells, for e某ample.
Geneticist Danielle Reed has worked with many twins over the years and thought deeply about what twin studies have taught us. ‘It’s very clear when you look at twins that much of what they share is hardwired,’ she says. ‘Many things about them are absolutely the same and unalterable. But it’s also clear, when you get to know them, that other things about them are different. Epigenetics is the origin of a lot of tho differences, in my view.’
Reed credits Thomas Bouchard’s work for today’s surge in twin studies. ‘He was the trailblazer,’ she says. ‘We forget that 50 years ago things like heart dia were thought to be caud entirely by lifestyle. Schizophrenia was thought to be due to poor mothering. Twin studies have allowed us to be more reflective about what people are actually born with and what’s caud by e某perience.’ 南京古生物博物馆
