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文献出处：Henderson V. The urbanization process and economic growth: The so-what question [J]. Journal of Economic Growth, 2003, 8(1): 47-71.
原文
The Urbanization Process and Economic Growth:
The So-What Question
VERNON HENDERSON
There is an extensive literature on the urbanization process looking at both urbanization and urban concentration, asking whether and when there is under or over-urbanization or under or over urban concentration. Writers argue that national government policies and non-democratic institutions promote excessive concentration-the extent to which the urban population of a country is concentrated in one or two major metropolitan areas-except in for乌梢蛇的功效与作用
和着mer planned economies where migration restrictions are enforced. The literatures assume that there is an optimal level of urbanization or an optimal level of urban concentration, but no rearch to date has quantitatively examined the assumption and asked the basic "so-what" question-how great are the economic loss from significant deviations from any optimal degrees of urban concentration or rates of urbanization? This paper shows that (1) there is a best degree of urban concentration, in terms of maximizing
农村土地改革productivity growth (2) that best degree varies with the level of development and country size, and (3) over or under-concentration can be very costly in terms of productivity growth. The paper shows also that productivity growth is not strongly affected by urbanization per . Rapid urbanization has often occurred in the face of low or negative economic growth over some decades. Moreover, urbanization is a transitory phenomenon where many countries are now fully urbanized.
琼珍灵芝
Keywords: growth, primacy, urbanization
There is an enormous literature on the urbanization process that occurs with development (e Davis and Henderson, 2003 for a review). There are two key aspects to the process. One is urbanization itlf and the other is urban concentration, or the degree to which urban resources are concentrated in one or two large cities, as
外文文献翻译
oppod to spread over many cities. Part of the interest in the urbanization process aris becau urbanization and growth em so interconnected. In any year, the simple correlation coefficient across countries between the percent urbanized in a country and, say, GDP per capita (in logs) is about 0.85. The reason is clear. Usually economic development involves the transformation of a country
from a rural agricultural bad economy to an industrial rvice bad economy (as well as releasing labor from agriculture, as labor-saving technologies are introduced). That transformation involves urbanization, as firms and workers cluster in cities to take advantage of Marshall's (1890) localized external economies of scale in manufacturing a
nd rvices (Henderson, 1974; Fujita and Ogawa, 1982; Helsley and Strange, 1990; Duranton and Puga, 2001). Economists have tended to focus on the issue of urban concentration, rather than urbanization per . The literature that does exist on urbanization examines rural versus urban bias in the transformation process. Governments may favor the urban-industrial ctor with trade protection policies, infrastructure investments, or capital market subsidies or they may discriminate against the rural ctor with agricultural price controls (Renaud, 1981; O, 1993), both leading workers to migrate to cities. But there can be a bias towards inhibiting urbanization. For example, former planned economies tend to exhibit a rural bias, in the n of discouraging rural-urban migration, but not necessarily industrial development (Ofer, 1977; Fallenbuchl, 1977).
The more extensive literature on the degree of urban concentration and changes in that degree which occurs as urbanization and growth proceed has a variety of strands. Countries and international policy
officials worry about whether key cities are too big or too small (Renaud, 1981; UN, 1993; WDR, 2000) and over the years various countries such as Egypt, Brazil, Korea, Mexico, and China have pursued medium size city programs designed to forestall the growth of larger cities (Henderson, 1988; Ades and Glaer, 1995). International agencies presume that many of the world's mega-cities are overpopulated, at considerable cost to tho economies. The UN (1993) asks how bad "the negative factors associated with very large cities" need to get "before [it is in the] lf interest of tho in control to encourage development of alternative centers." The same report warns of "unbalanced urban hierarchies" and the crime, congestion and social inequality in mega-cities. The World Development Report (2000) has a chapter (7) on the grim life of people in
mega-cities in developing countries. And the Economist in one of its special surveys has pod the question directly (July 29, 1995): Do the splendors of large cities outweigh their dark side?
别人英语The Effects of Urban Concentration on Growth Development
金钱的重要性
In this ction, I examine the effect of urban concentration on productivity growth. I start with urban concentration, or primacy, becau that examination yields the key results. The examination also develops the methodology that is then applied to the筹笔驿李商隐
examination of the effect of urbanization on growth. The first issue is how to measure urban concentration. There are three measures that people u. First, Wheaton and Shishido (1981) and Henderson (1988) u the standard Hirschman-Herfindahl index of concentration which in an urban context is the sum of squared shares of every city in a country in national urban population. Second, Ron and Resnick (1981) u the Pareto parameter looking at the distribution of city sizes within a country, which measures how quickly size declines as we move from top to bottom in the size distribution, or the overall degree of disparity in the size distribution. In the papers, both measures were constructed for just one year for a limited sample of mostly larger countries in the world; they are not available for a larger group of countries over the time span that we look at, 1960-1995.
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