高层建筑中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献
英文原文
Components of A Building and Tall Buildings
1. Abstract
Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the load-carrying frame, skin, floors, and partitions. The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems. The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation is that part of a building below ground.
The skyscraper owes its existence to two developments of the 19th century: steel skeleton construction and the pasnger elevator. Steel as a construction material dates from the int
roduction of the Besmer converter in 1885.Gustave Eiffel (1832-1932) introduced steel construction in France. His designs for the Galerie des Machines and the Tower for the Paris Exposition of 1889 expresd the lightness of the steel framework. The Eiffel Tower, 984 feet (300 meters) high, was the tallest structure built by man and was not surpasd until 40 years later by a ries of American skyscrapers.
Elisha Otis installed the first elevator in a department store in New York in 1857.In 1889, Eiffel installed the first elevators on a grand scale in the Eiffel Tower, who hydraulic elevators could transport 2,350 pasngers to the summit every hour.
2. Load-Carrying Frame
Until the late 19th century, the exterior walls of a building were ud as bearing walls to support the floors. This construction is esntially a post and lintel type, and it is still ud in frame construction for hous. Bearing-wall construction limited the height of building becau of the enormous wall thickness required；for instance, the 16-story Monadnock Buildi ng built in the 1880’s in Chicago had walls 5 feet (1.5 meters) thick at the lower floo
rs. In 1883, William Le Baron Jenney (1832-1907) supported floors on cast-iron columns to form a cage-like construction. Skeleton construction, consisting of steel beams and columns, was first ud in 1889. As a conquence of skeleton construction, the enclosing walls become a “curtain wall” rather than rving a supporting function. Masonry was the curtain wall material until the 1930’s, when light metal and glass curta in walls were ud. After the introduction of buildings continued to increa rapidly.
王维送别诗
生炒牛肉怎么炒嫩All tall buildings were built with a skeleton of steel until World War Ⅱ. After the
war, the shortage of steel and the improved quality of concrete led to tall building being built of reinforced concrete. Marina Tower (1962) in Chicago is the tallest concrete building in the United States；its height—588 feet (179 meters)—is exceeded by the 650-foot (198-meter) Post Office Tower in London and by other towers.
大班线描画教案A change in attitude about skyscraper construction has brought a return to the u of the bearing wall. In New York City, the Columbia Broadcasting System Building, designed by Eero Saarinen in 1962,has a perimeter wall consisting of 5-foot (1.5meter) wide concrete
columns spaced 10 feet (3 meters) from column center to center. This perimeter wall, in effect, constitutes a bearing wall. One reason for this trend is that stiffness against the action of wind can be economically obtained by using the walls of the building as a tube；the World Trade Center building is another example of this tube approach. In contrast, rigid frames or vertical truss are usually provided to give lateral stability.
3. Skin
情况说明格式及范文The skin of a building consists of both transparent elements (windows) and opaque elements (walls). Windows are traditionally glass, although plastics are being ud, especially in schools where breakage creates a maintenance problem. The wall elements, which are ud to cover the structure and are supported by it, are built of a variety of materials: brick, precast concrete, stone, opaque glass, plastics, steel, and aluminum. Wood is ud mainly in hou construction；it is not generally ud for commercial, industrial, or public building becau of the fire hazard.
4. Floors
The construction of the floors in a building depends on the basic structural frame that is ud. In steel skeleton construction, floors are either slabs of concrete resting on steel beams or a deck consisting of corrugated steel with a concrete topping. In concrete construction, the floors are either slabs of concrete on concrete beams or a ries of cloly spaced concrete beams (ribs) in two directions topped with a thin concrete slab, giving the appearance of a waffle on its underside. The kind of floor that is ud depends on the span between supporting columns or walls and the function of the space. In an apartment building, for instance, where walls and columns are spaced at 12 to 18 feet (3.7 to 5.5 meters), the most popular construction is a solid concrete slab with no beams. The underside of the slab rves as the ceiling for the space below it. Corrugated steel decks are often ud in office buildings becau the corrugations, when enclod by another sheet of metal, form ducts for telephone and electrical lines.
保护胃粘膜
5. Mechanical and Electrical Systems
调字组词
A modern building not only contains the space for which it is intended (office, classroom,
apartment) but also contains ancillary space for mechanical and electrical systems that help to provide a comfortable environment. The ancillary spaces in a skyscraper office building may constitute 25% of the total building area. The importance of heating, ventilating, electrical, and plumbing systems in an office building is shown by the fact that 40% of the construction budget is allocated to them. Becau of the incread u of aled building with windows that cannot be opened, elaborate mechanical systems are provided for ventilation and air conditioning. Ducts and pipes carry fresh air from central fan rooms and air conditioning machinery. The ceiling, which is suspended below the upper floor construction, conceals the ductwork and contains the lighting units. Electrical wiring for power and for telephone communication may also be located in this ceiling space or may be buried in the floor construction in pipes or conduits.
美丽的风景图片>股票解析
