语言学考研资料
考研 英语 语言学
The traditional Subject-Predicate distinction may over-lap with that between the Theme-Rheme,but they are not always the same.
Look at the following examples:
烟波浩渺
a) Jane stands on the table.
Subject Predicate
Theme Rheme
b)On the table stands Jane.
Predicate Subject
Theme Rheme
Another verson of the same analysis is carried out in terms of Communicative Dynasmism ,CD for short,propod by Firbas.By CD, Firbas means the extent to which the nence element contributes to the development of the munication.
Firbas defined FSP as the distribution of various degrees of CD.In his view,the initial elements of a quence carry the lowest degree of CD and with each step forward,the degree of CD es incremental till the element that carries the highest.
传统语法中主语----谓语的区别可能和主位----述位重叠，但他们并不总是一致的。看下面的例子：
a) 简 站在桌子上。
主语 谓语
主位 述位
b)桌子上站着 简。
如何引导孩子学习 谓语 主语
主位 述位
这种分析法的另一种版本是交际能力。它是由费尔巴斯首次提出的。费尔巴斯用交际动力表示句子成分对交技发展所起的作用。
费尔巴斯把功能句子观解释为不同程度的交际力的分布。他认为，句子前面部分承载的交际力最低，然后逐步增加，直到交际力最大的成分。
3.The London School
1)Introduction
The London school refers to the kind of linguistic scholarship in England.J.R.Firth turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academeic subject in Britain.Firth,under the influence of the anthropolosgist B;Malinowski,influenced his student M.A.K.Halliday.They all stresd the importance of context of situation and the sy
stem aspect of language.Thus,London School is also known as systemic linguistics and functional linguistics.
3.伦敦学派
1）简介
秋葵的家常做法 伦敦学派专门用来称呼独具英国特色的语言学研究。J.R.弗斯使语言学在英国完全成为一门公认的科学。弗斯主要受人类学家B.马林诺夫斯基影响，而他又影响了他的学生M.A.K.韩礼德。三人都强调“语言环境”和语言“系统”的重要性。因此，伦敦学派也被称为系统语言学和功能语言学。
2）Malinowski’s Theories
打屁股打屁屁 Though a professor of Anthropology,Malinowski made great contributions concerning the functions of language,According to him:
1. Language is a mode of action,rather than a counterpart of thought.
考研 英语 语言学
扁平足的危害 2. The meaning of an utterance does not e from the ideas of the words prising it but
from its relation to the situational context in which the utterance occurs
3. There are three types of context of situation:situations in which speech interrelates with bodily
activity;narrative situations;situations in which is ud to fill a speech vacuum―phatic munion.
2)马林诺夫斯基的理论
风扇的英文 尽管马林诺夫斯基是人类学的教授，但他在语言功能方面却作出了很大贡献。马林诺夫斯基认为：
1. 语言是一种行为模式，而不是什么与思想相对应的东西。
测试你前世死因 2. 话语的意义并不来自于构成话语的词的意义，而是来自于话语发生的上下文之间的
关系。
3. 语言环境有三种：言语与当时的身体活动有直接关系的活动：叙述环境；言语仅被
用来填补言语空白的环境-----寒暄交谈。鹿血泡酒
3）Firth’s Theories
Influenced by Malinowski,Firth regarded language as a social process,rather than simply as a t of agreed-upon miotics and signs.According to him,language is a means of participation in social activities,a means of doing things and of making others do things,a means of acting and living.
Firth saw language as both inborn and acquired,thus the object of linguistic study is language in actual u.
Firth held that meaning is u,and he defined that meaning is the relationship between an element at any level and its context on that level,thus the context of situation is indispensable for the understanding of the meaning.
Firth’s own study focud on the context of situation as Malinowski did.By context of situation,Firth meant a ries of contexts of situation,each smaller one being embedded into a larger,to the extent that all the contexts of situation play esntial parts in the whole of the context of culture.
