Chapter 0ne
1.Design feature: the distinctive features of human language that esntially make human language distinguishable from languages of animals.
2.Prescriptive: to make authoritarian statement about the correctness of a particular u of language.
3.Descriptive: to make an objective and systematic account of the patterns and u of a language or variety.
4.Arbitrariness: the abnce of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer.
5.Competence: unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language.
6.Performance: the language actually ud by people in speaking or writing.
7.Langue: the language system shared by a “speech community”.
8.Parole: the concrete utterances of a speaker.
Chapter two
9.Phonetics: the study of how speech sounds are produced , transmitted, and perceived. It can be divided into three main areas of study— articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and perceptual/auditory phonetics.
10.Phonology: the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages , and to explain the variations that occur.
仓单质押11.Phoneme: a unit of explicit sound contrast. If two sounds in a language make a contrast between two different words, they are said to be different phonemes.
12.Allophone: variants of the same phoneme. If two or more phonetically different sounds do not make a contrast in meaning, they are said to be allophones of the same phoneme. To be allophones, they must be in complementary distribution and bear phonet
ic similarity.
激励自己的名言警句13.Elwhere Condition: The more specific rule applied first. It is applied when two or more rules are involved in deriving the surface form from the underlying form.
14.Masimal Ont Principle: a principle for dividing the syllables when there is a cluster of consonants between two vowels, which states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the ont rather than the coda.
开源节流什么意思Chapter three
夏天的句子短句唯美15.morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that can not be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexically or grammatically.
16.Inflection: is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and cas to which they are attached.
17.Loanword: The borrowing of a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight change, in some cas, to the phonological system of the new language that they enter. For instance, English borrowed an pair, encore, coup d'etat and others from French, alfresco (in the open air) from Italian, tea from Chine, sputnik from Russian and moccasin (a type of shoe) from an American Indian language.
承受18.Loanblend: is a process in which part of the form is native and the rest has been borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed. For example, the first parts of the words coconut and China-town came from Spanish and Chine respectively, but the cond parts are of the English origin.
19.Loanshift: is a process in which the meaning is borrowed, but the form is native. For example, the Italian ponte means "bridge" in the literal n, when it refers to a type of card game, the meaning was borrowed from English.
Chapter four
20.Syntax: the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form ntences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in ntence structures.
布沙尔21.Endocentric: Endocentric construction is one who distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which rves as a definable Centre or Head. In the phra two pretty girls, girls is the Centre or Head of this phra or word group.
春词白居易
22.Exocentric: Exocentric construction refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is , there is no definable "Centre" or "Head" inside the group. Exocentric construction usually includes basic ntence, prepositional phra, predicate (verb + object) construction, and connective (be + complement) construction. In the ntence the boy smiled, neither constituent can substitute for the ntence structure as a whole.
23.Embedding: Embedding refers to the means by which one clau is included in anoth
er clau in syntactic subordination. E.g. , / saw the man who had visited you last year.
性质英文24.Recursiveness: it mainly means that a phrasal constituent can be embedded within ( i.e. , be dominated by) another constituent having the same category, but it can be ud to any means to extend any constituent. Together with openness, recursiveness is the core of creativity of language. For example, " I met a man who had a son who wife sold cookies that she had baked in her kitchen that was fully equipped with electrical appliances that were new".
