Linguistics要点
“Predication analysis” is a new approach for ntential meaning analysis. “Predication” is usually considered an important common category shared by propositions, questions, commands, etc. Predication is to break down the ntence into their smaller constituents: argument (logical participant) and predicate (relation element). The “predicate” is the major or pivotal element governing the argument. We may now distinguish a “two-place predicate” (which governs two arguments, e.g., subject and object), a “one-place predicate” (which governs one argument, i.e., subject) and a “no-place predicate” that has simply no argument (no real subject or object).
述谓结构分析：所谓述谓是指句子的抽象的语义内容，绝大多数的句子内容都是由一个人或物以及对这个人或物的表述构成的。从语义结构角度看，这两部分分别称为论元（argument）和谓语（predicate）。所谓述谓结构分析是指通过对这两部分的分析以达到对句子意义进行分析的许多模式中的一种。“述谓”和“谓语化”是所有的健全语句（如命题、即肯定句、否定句、疑问句和祈使句等）的共同特征。因此，语义学家就用“述谓”这一范畴并把它分解成变元和谓语，前者是“逻辑参加者”，后者是“关系因素”，负责把变元联系起来。
春节的作文300字
Linguistics：
1. What is linguistics?
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It studies not just one language of any one society, but the language of all human beings. Linguists obrve language facts and investigate how language is constructed. Linguistics studies the general validity and principles whereupon all human languages.
2. Descriptive: describe and analyze linguistic facts or language people actually u (modern linguistic)
Prescriptive: lay down rules for “correct and standard” linguistic behavior in using language (traditional grammar)
3. Speech and writing: two major media. Speech is the primary medium of language. Writing is later developed.
抽象危险犯
Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?
First, the spoken form (speech) is prior to the written form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language.
Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it rves a wider range of purpos
Finally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.
4. Competence: the ideal ur’s knowledge of the rules of his language.
Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 雅思听力题型
Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.
5. Traditional grammar: prescriptive, written, Latin-bad framework.
伙组词
Modern linguistics: descriptive, spoken, not necessarily Latin-bad framework.
炒饼丝的做法Linguistics is descriptive while the traditional grammar is prescriptive; modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, traditional grammar on the other hand tended to over-emphasize the importance of written word, becau of its permanence; modern linguistics does not force language into a Latin-bad framework.
How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?
Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is bad on "high "(religious, literary) written language. It ts grammatical rules and impos the rules on language urs. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; it collects authentic and mainly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in an objective and scientific way.
颤的多音字组词
6. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication.
7. Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.
Articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, acoustic phonetics
7+phonology：
8. Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
9. Open class words: content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words
俄罗斯旅游
Clod class words: grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns
10. Morpheme -- the minimal unit of meaning
Words are compod of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes
11. Auxiliary - head movement
Inversion: Move Infl有哲理的小故事 to the left of the subject NP.
Inversion (revid): Move Infl to C
12. Deep structure: formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s sub-categorization properties; it contains all the units and relationships that are necessary for interpreting the meaning of the ntence.
Surface structure: corresponding to the final syntactic form of the ntence which results from appropriate transformations; it is that of the ntence as it is pronounced or written.
