4.1.1 Syntax ['sintæks] 句法欧美老人性爱& syntactic[sin'tæktik]句法的rules
樱花的意思
Syntax句法学 is the study of how words are combined to form ntences and the
rules that govern the formation of ntences.
syntactic rules
4.1.2 Sentences
① The children sang songs for the teacher.
② The teacher sang songs for the children.
③ Songs sang for children the teacher the.
Q: What’s the connection between the three strings of words? Are they ntences?
Of the three stings of words,
① & ② are two grammatical ntences which consist of the same individual words, but they have different meanings;
③ has no linguistic meaning, though it is compod of meaningful units.
A ntence is a string of words, but not every such string is a ntence.
Only tho strings of words that conform to the syntactic rules are called ntences or
grammatical ntences; and the strings of words that do not are ungrammatical.
The syntactic rules can determine how words are combined together to express a specific
meaning in linguistic communication.
4.1.3 How to judge whether a string of words is a grammatical ntence.
To judge whether a string of words is a grammatical ntence does not
depend on the following things:
① Grammaticality judgment does not depend on whether you have heard the string of words
before or not.
e.g.
Enormous tigers in pink socks danced at the ball last Saturday.
② Grammaticality judgment does not depend on whether the string of words is meaningful or not.
e.g.
Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.
* Furiously sleep ideas green colorless.
潜意识
③ Grammaticality judgment does not depend on whether the string of words is true or not.
e.g.
The sun is flat.
④ Grammaticality judgment does not depend on whether real objects are discusd;
微量元素检查有必要吗 e.g.
A ghost is smiling to me, saying “I love you”.
⑤ Grammaticality judgment does not depend on whether the thing discusd is possible or not.
e.g.
His pregnant father becomes happier and happier as times goes on.
4.1.4 What can syntactic rules do?
皇天后土的意思
① They determine which strings of words are grammatical ntences.
② They account for the double meaning, or ambiguity含糊 of ntences.
e.g. Old men and women are laughing.
Old men and women are laughing.
It is the syntactic structure rather than any ambiguous words that results in two different
meanings of this ntence.
濠梁之辩They determine when two ntences with different structures have the same meaning, and when not.
e.g.
Angering Jack is fun for Mary.
It is fun for Mary to anger Jack.
④ They enable us to determine how different parts of a ntence are related.
e.g.
The student solved the problem.
The problem was solved by the student.
“the student” is the grammatical /structural subject only of the first ntence, bu
t is the
logic subject of both ntences.
Thus, we say, syntactic rules can specify grammatical and logical relations within a
ntence.
They permit speakers of a language to produce and understand an unlimited
number of ntences never spoken or heard before
—creativity of human language.
① the grammaticality of ntences;
② the structural ambiguity模棱两可培训记录 of ntences;
③ the fact that ntences with different structures can have the same meaning;
④ the grammatical and logical relations within a ntence;
长茄子⑤ the speaker’s creative ability to produce and understand any possible ntences.
