第一章
A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function
Word ，Vocabulary的关系 All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary.
The relationship between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary and conventional, and there is no logical relationship between sound and meaning.
Word-form and meaning: arbitrary and conventional.
What is the relationship between sound and meaning?
1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the sound and actual& dog. cat
2)The relationship between them is conventional.
3) In different languages the same concept can be reprented by different sounds.
What is relationship between sound and form?
1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form.
2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage
Old English
3)With the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two.
What is the classification of words? How to classify words in linguistics?
心有猛虎细嗅蔷薇是什么意思
Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by u frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.中间圆点怎么打
According to Stuart Robertson the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,you
启动黑屏
What are the characteristics of basic word stock?
1) All national character 2) Stability 3) Productivity 4) Polymy 5) Collocability
None basic vocabulary
1) Terminology& sonata, algebra 专业术语
2) Jargon& Bottom line ( Jargon ) 行话
3) Slang& smoky, bear ( Slang ) 俚语
4) persuader 黑话，隐语
5) Dialectal words& station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE= blood)方言
6) Archaisms& wilt (will) 古语词
7) Neologisms& email ( Neologisms ) 新语词
第二章 语系
Three Phas of the Historical Development
The first peoples who inhabited the land were Celts.
The cond language known in English was Latin of the Roman Legions.
Celtic对英语的影响小，主要是place，river name。
The Indo-European is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.
‘Indo-European’ 两大分支： Eastern t: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian
Western t : Celtic, Italic , Hellenic, Germanic.
Balto-Slavic///Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish ,Czech, Bulgarian ,Slovenian and Russian.
In the western Set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic.
Celtic ：Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton
The Italic family The five Romance languages, Portugue, Spanish, French, Italian , Romanian 。
The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian ,Icelandic, Danish and Swedish ,which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch ,Flemish and English.
With Vikings’ invasion, many Scandinavian words came into the English language.
In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian. Bengali, Hindi, Romany.
Old English450-1150 middle eng1150-1500 modern1500 up to now
Anglo-Saxon as Old English.
Although there were borrowings from Latin, the influence on English was mainly Germanic.
Early modern English appeared in the Renaissance . ancient Greek and Roman classics.
Modern English：Early (1500-1700) and Late (1700-up to the prent) Modern English
Old English was a highly inflected language. It was a synthetic language（综合性语言）.（Modern English is an 巴金家读后感analytic language）
Modern English period 外来语The Latin words swarmed into English in early modern
The richness of Modern English in vocabulary also aris from (Colonization )
Three main sources of new words :
1)The rapid development of modern science and technology 雪白雪白照样子写词语
2)Social, economic and political changes;
幸福常在3)The influence of other cultures and language
Modes of Vocabulary Development
1)creation 2) mantic change 3) borrowing
魔兽图片英语从synthetic language 发展到prent analytical language 答案：Modern English peri
乐观向上的名言od
三语鼎立French, Latin, English in Middle English period
文艺复兴时期， Greek , Roman culture
主要是Latin, Greek
某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段?
答案：Modern English
Borrow最多从Latin, Greek, French, Scandinavian
第三章
The smallest unit in the English language (morphemes)
The minimal free form in the English language (word)
In the plural form changing, some of the words will take internal vowel change , this internal vowel change is allomorphs
