1. Free morphemes: 自由语素a morphemes that can stand alone.或者a linguistic form that can occur as an independent word.
2. Boud morphemes:黏着语素 a morphemes that must occur with at lea one other morpheme.
3. Back-formation: 逆生法。is the method of creating words by removing the suppod suffixes.
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4. Allomorph：语素变体 the phonetic variant of a morpheme in a particular language.或者one of the variants of the same morpheme
5. conversion: 转换法 is the formation of new words by converting words from one word-class to another word-class.文物收藏 或者Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.
6. blending 拼缀法 is the formation of new words by combining pasts of two words or word
plus a part of anther word .如;smog---smoke +fog.
7. Semantic field:语义场Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a mantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.
8. mantic motivation :人生就像一场梦 语义理据文学Semantic motivation refers to motivation bad on mantic factors and it is usually provided by the figurative usage of words.
氵的字9. conceptual meaning：概念意义。the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.
10.lexical meaning：the meaning of a word that depends on the nonlinguistic concepts it is ud to express
11.affective meaning: 情感意义is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.
12.mantic transfer词义迁移 figures of speech
13 Metonymy 转喻It is a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by the name of something cloly related to it.
14.synecdoche.提喻A figure of speech by which a part is put for tha whole ,the whole for the part ,species珍珠保养 for genus,the genud for the species or the name of the material for the dhing made .
15: Extra-linguistic context:语言之外的环境 Extra-linguistic context refers not only to the actual speech situation in which a word is ud but
also to the entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event is t.
16：polymy ：一词多义 Polymy means that one single word has two or more ns at the same time.
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17.Homophone :同音异义词Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.
18：homonymy： Homonyms are words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.
大象的谜语19.elevation: 词义的升格process by which words ri from humble beginnings to positions of importance.
20 . Degradation: 词义的降格it is the process whereby words of good prigin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be ud in derogatory n
21 oxymoron. 矛盾修辞It is a compresd paradox ,formed by the conjoining of two contrasting , contradictory incongruous terms 比如： bitter-sweet memories , orderly chaos and proud humility.
