ABBREVIATIONS FOR INTERLINEAR MORPHEME TRANSLATION (IMT)
The abbreviations given below were adopted by the Framework for Descriptive Grammars project (Bernard Comrie, William Croft, Christian Lehmann, Dietmar Zaefferer) in 1991, and subquently adopted (with some modifications) by the European Typology project. Abbreviations in this list have a maximum length of five, and were designed to eliminate ambiguity, maintain uniqueness of abbreviation, and to render some less-ud abbreviations more “natural”. All of the standard abbreviations are listed here, in the hope that their u will become more widespread. Some additional abbreviations found in the examples in Typology and universals are also listed below.
1first person CAUS causative
2cond person CIRC circumstantial
3third person CLF classifier
12first person dual inclusive CLn noun class n
(if treated as a quasi-singular)CMPL completive
A transitive agent CMPR comparative傅雷家书感悟
ABESS abessive (‘without’)CJPRT conjunctive participle
ABL ablative (‘from’)CONJ conjunction
ABS absolutive ca CO coordinator
ABSL absolute form COLL collective
ABST abstract (nominalization)COM comitative
ACC accusative COMP complementizer
ACCID accidental (action)CONC concessive
ACCES accessory (ca)COND conditional
ACT active CONN connective
ACTR actor CONST construct form
ADESS adessive (‘on’)CONT continuous
ADJR adjectivalizer CONTR contrastive
ADM admonitive COP copula
ADVRS adversative CORR correlative
ADVR adverbializer CUST customary
AFF affirmative D1deictic of 1 person
AFFCT affective D2deictic of 2 person
AG agent(ive)D3deictic of 3 person
AL alienable D12deictic of 12 person
ALL allative (‘to’)DAT dative
ALLOC allocutive DECL declarative
AN animate DEF definite
ANA anaphoric DEFR deferential
ANT anterior DEM demonstrative
ANTI antipassive DEP dependent verb form
AOR aorist DER derivational morpheme
APPL applicative DES desiderative
ART article DET determiner
ASP aspect DETR detransitivizer
ASS asrtive DIM diminutive
ASSOC associative DIR directional
AT attributor DIST distal (= 3 person deictic)
AUG augmentative DITR ditransitive
AUX auxiliary DO direct object
AVERS aversive DS different subject
BEN benefactive DSTR distributive
BUFF phonological buffer element DU dual
CARD cardinal (numeral)DUB dubitative
DUR durative JUSS jussive
DWNT downtoner LIG ligature
DYN dynamic (vs. stative)LNK linker
EL elative (‘out of’)LOC locative
EMPH emphatic LOG logophoric
EQT equative (adjective)M masculine
ERG ergative MAL malefactive
ESS essive (‘as’)MAN manner
EVID evidential MDL modal
EX exclusive MED medial (verb form)
EXCL exclamation MEDP mediopassive
EXST exist(ence)MEDT mediate (= 2 person deictic) F feminine MID middle
FACT factitive MOD modifier
FAM familiar N neuter
FIN finite NARR narrative (ten)
FNL final position marker NCMP noncompletive
FOC focus NEAR near (past, future)
FREQ frequentative NEC necessity
FRM formal NEG negative
FUT future NFNL nonfinal position marker
G ditransitive “goal”NFOC nonfocus
GEN genitive NFUT nonfuture
GER gerund (verbal adverb)NHUM nonhuman
GNR generic NOM nominative
HAB habitual NPST nonpast
HEST hesternal (past, future??)NR nominalizer
HOD hodiernal (past, future)NSG nonsingular
HON honorific NSPEC nonspecific
HORT hortative NTOP nontopic
HUM human NVOL nonvolitional
HYP hypothetical OBJ object
ILL illative (‘into’)OBL oblique
IMM immediate (past, future)OBLG obligative
IMP imperative OBV obviative
IMPF imperfect(ive)OPT optative
放暗箭IMPR impersonal ORD ordinal (numeral)
IN inclusive P transitive patient
INAL inalienable PART participle
INAN inanimate PASS passive
INCH inchoative PAU paucal
INCP inceptive PCLF posssive classifier
IND indicative PEJ pejorative
INDF indefinite PFCT perfect
INESS inessive (‘in’)PL plural
INF infinitive PLT pluritive
INFR inferential evidential PLUP pluperfect
INGR ingressive PNCT punctual
INJ injunctive PO primary object
INST instrumental POL polite
INT interrogative POSS posssive
关于身体的成语
INTR intransitive POST postposition
INTS intensifier/intensive POT potential
INV inver PRED predicative
INVS invisible PREP preposition
IO indirect object PREV preverb
IRR irrealis PRF perfective
ITER iterative PRN pronoun
PROG progressive VIS visible
PROH prohibitive VISL visual evidential PROL prolative (‘along’)VN verbal noun PROX proximal VOC vocative
PRS prent VOL volitional
PRT preterite VR verbalizer PRTT partitive
PRVT privative (‘without’)
PRXT proximate (= 1 person deictic)
PST past
PTCL particle
PURP purpo, purposive
QUAD quadral
QUOT quotative
RDP reduplication
REC recent (past)
RECP reciprocal
REF referential
REFL reflexive
REFR referential (‘about’)
REL relative clau marker
(other than relative pronoun)
RPRN relative pronoun
REM remote (past, future)
REMT remote (distance)
REP reportive evidential
RES resultative
RL realis
RLT relative (ca)
S intransitive subject
SBJ subject
SENS nsory evidential
SEQ quential, concutive
SG singular
SGT singulative
SIM simultaneous
SMLF melfactive
SO condary object
SPEC specific
SS same subject
STAT stative
SUBJ subjunctive
SUBR subordinator
SUP superlative
中国的情人节T ditransitive “theme”
TEMP temporal
TERM terminative
TNS ten
TOP topic
TR transitive
TRNSF transformative (‘as’)
总裁与秘书
TRNSL translative (‘becoming’)
TRL trial
TRNS transitivizer
UNDR undergoer
UNSP unspecified (agent, etc.)
VAL validator
VERS version
SYMBOLS FOR INTERLINEAR MORPHEME TRANSLATION (IMT) The following symbols are ud in example ntences in the original language and their interlinear morpheme translations, and in symbolic reprentations of syntactic structures. The symbols follow the conventions found in Lehmann (1982), revid by the Framework for Descriptive Grammar project (Bernard Comrie, William Croft, Bruce Harold, Christian Lehmann and Dietmar Zaefferer) in 1991.
In both original language and interlinear morpheme translation:
毛豆怎么做好吃
x y word boundary between x and y
x-y morpheme boundary between x and y
x+y x and y form a compound or a derivative stem
x=y x and y are joined by clisis
x i…y i x and y are coreferential elements
In original language only:
Ønull expression of meaning (optionally reprented)
黄土高原成因a<x>b x is an infix, a…b is the discontinous root/stem
a>y<b a…b is a circumfix, y is the root/stem
In interlinear morpheme translation only:
(x)x is not overtly marked in the original (i.e. null expression of meaning)
y<x>x is the infix, a…b = y is the root/stem
<x>y a…b = x is the circumfix, y is the root/stem
x\y y is an internal modification of lexeme x in the original
x:y morpheme boundary between x and y not shown in the original
x.y x and y are grammatical (sub-)categories of one original language morpheme
政府工作人员x/y x acts on y (indexation)
[x]x is a syntactic constituent in L1
[x]Y x is a syntactic constituent of category Y in L1
[X Y Z] a construction consisting of elements X, Y and Z, who linear order is not necessarily fixed
