1。 Design features of language：
（1）Arbitrariness (任意性)：there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with。(声音和意思无直接联系） eg: why English should u the sounds /dog/ to refer to the animal dog， the relationship between the sounds and their meaning is quite accidental。
（2）Duality(双重性）：the way meaningless elements of language at one level(sounds and letters）combine to form meaningful units at another level. That is, sounds such as d, g， f, o, mean nothing parately。 They normally take on meaning only when they are combined in certain ways, as in dog， fog， and god.
三思而行2．Descriptive grammars(描写性语法)： attempt to tell what is in the language(语言第一，语法第二，语法是为语言服务)
Prescriptive grammars（规定性语法）: tell people what should be in the language.
3．Phonetics（语音学): the study of linguistic speech sounds， how they ate produced，
how they are perceived, and their physical properties。
It can be divided into 3 main branches：(1) articulatory phonetics(有音节的）, which is the study of how speech sounds are produced（2）acoustic phonetics（有关声音的），which deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air（3)auditory phonetics(听觉的)，which deals with how speech sounds are perceived by the listener.
4.Assimilation(同化）： a phonological process whereby a sound becomes phonetically similar to a neighboring sound ，eg: a vowel becomes when followed by a consonant.
5．Phonology（音系学）: the study of the abstract systems underlying the sounds of language.
6．Minimal pairs属羊人的命运（最小对立体): a pair of words that differ by only a single sound in the same position, e。g。 look/ took, spill/still and keep/coop
Minimal t（最小对立体集)： when a group of words can be differentiated， each one from the others, by changing one phoneme(always in the same position）eg： a minimal
档案室工作总结t bad on the vowel phonemes of English would include feat, fit, fate， fat, fought, foot, and one bad on consonants could have big， pig， and wig.
7．Syllable（音节）: the units which are often longer than one should and smaller than a whole word。 1. phonetically, syllables are usually described as consisting of a center which has little or no airflow and which sounds comparatively loud。2。phonologically， syllables are defined by the way in which vowels and consonants combine to form various quences.
8．Stress (重音）: the prominence given to certain sounds in speech。
9．Morphology (形态学)：the study of the structure of words.
10．Root（词根): the morpheme that remains when all affixes are strippes from a complex word. eg: system from un— +system + atic +ally
11。Derivational morphemes恩师情深（派生词缀）可能会改变词性： a morpheme that rves to derive a word of one class or meaning from a word of another class or meaning. eg： -
ment derives the noun from the verb establish； re— changes the meaning of the verb paint to "paint again"。
刀剑如梦歌词
Inflectional morphemes（屈折词缀）不改变词性： which are not ud to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical function of a word。
12。Allomorphs(语素变体）: a phonetic form in which a morpheme is realized, e。g。 -s， -es, and all allomorphs of the plural morpheme。
13。Complementary distribution（互补分布)：allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution for they never occur in the same contest. Eg： the unaspirated /p/ always occurs after /s/ while the aspirated one always occurs in other places。
14.types of word formation:
(1）compounding（合成构词法）:words like typewriter, workshop， tractor—driver are formed by putting two words together. Two free morphemes are combined to form a com
pound.
（2)Derivation（派生构词法）:derivation is done by adding affixes to other words or morphemes。 A derivational word consists of at least a free morpheme and a bound morpheme. For example， by adding affixes un-， mis-， —ful, —less, —ism, we can get words like unhappy, misunderstand, careful, careless.
（3）Blending(混成构词法): a process a single new word can also be formed by combining two parate forms。 Typically, blending is finished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another word. eg： the English word brunch is made from breakfast and lunch.
(4)Acronym（首字母拼音词):some new words are formed from the first letters of a ries of words. They are pronounced as single words, as in NATO（North Atlantic Treaty Organization)带春的诗句有哪些
水之美15.Syntax(句法学)： ud to refer to the structure of ntences and to the study of ntence structure.
（1)Immediate constituent analysis(直接成分分析法)： also called IC Analysis， in linguistics， a system of grammatical analysis that divides ntences into successive layers， or constituents, until, in the final layer， each constituent consists of only a word or meaningful part of a word. (A constituent is any word or construction that enters into some larger construction。） eg. In the ntence “The old man ran away,” the first division into immediate constituents would be between “the old man" and “ran away。" The immediate constituents of “the old man” are “the” and “old man。" At the next level “old man” is divided into “old” and “man." It was introduced by the United States linguist Leonard Bloomfield in 1933.
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