个手势之间直接运动轨道的运动。
合并是指在句子或语篇中，同一语言形式中两个依次相续的手型或手势结合成一个单个的手型或手势；这个手型或手势往往
同时具有原先两个手型或手势的某些特点。
辅手延伸是指一个双手手势的辅手动作会左向或右向或同时左右向延伸至其相邻的单手手势的词。
主手同化是指一个手势的主手动作会受到相邻手势的主手动作的影响，发生顺向或者逆向的同化。
辅手脱落指的是在语境中，由于受到相邻手势的影响，一个双手手势的辅手动作会脱落。
表情体态特征的语音层和音系层
眼睛注视眼睛注视动词；眼睛注视对方；眼睛注视其他；角色转换引起的眼睛注视
眨眼语调短语边界眨眼；其他韵律层级眨眼；生理性眨眼；句首眨眼；自发性眨眼
上半脸扬眉（副词作用）；扬眉（语法作用）；皱眉（副词作用）；皱眉（语法作用）
下半脸口型；口动；腮帮鼓起；腮帮内吸；嘟嘴；抿嘴；mm口型；
舌头伸出；其他；不明；无
副词型口动舌头伸出；腮帮鼓起；腮帮内吸；抿嘴
空语义型口动
舌头运动；腮帮鼓起；腮帮内吸；嘴巴张开；ü型口动；u 型口动；mm口动；回声口动
现实动作型口动模仿现实生活中动词的动作表达的嘴部运动，常常伴随表达相同意思的手控特征。
面部表情型
口动
伴随整个面部表情产生的口部动作，常表达情感的意义。
头部位置是指独立于身体运动的头部运动，包括前倾、后倾、左倾、右倾、左转、右转、以及中立位置。
身体位置是指身体运动的位置变化包括前倾、后倾、左倾、右倾、左转、右转以及中立位置。
口部动作延伸是指一个手势的口部动作会受到相邻手势口部动作的影响，发生顺向或者逆向的延伸。
句法层
普通动词指的是动词本身无法表达人称和数的一致性的动词。
空间动词指的是采用空间方向来表达名词实体位置的动词。
一致性动词指的是具有人称、数以及体的曲折变化的动词。
狮子男白羊女
疑问句一般疑问句；特殊疑问句。
否定句基本否定词“不”和“没有”；NG手型；否定合并；否定
姿势（摊手和耸肩）。
韵律层
韵律词PW（ω）
韵律短语PP（φ）
语调短语IP（τ）
本研究对表情体态的标注采用ELAN视频分析软件，标注的过程和统计在聋人助理的帮助下进行并完成。对标注语料的分析主要根据Deuchar（1984）判断表情体态音位功能的三大标准和Liddell（1980:54）和Baker-Shenk（1983:238）
判断表情体态语言功能的三大标准，通过定量分析和定性分析的方法对标注语料进行统计分析，分析结果表明上海手语中表情体态特征具有超音段的语言学功能，包括音位功能（相当于音位，可以区分意义，构成最小配对）；语素功能（相当于副词或形容词修饰动词或名词）；语法功能（可以标记不同的句子类型：否定句、疑问句以及动词一致性结构）；韵律功能（标记不同的韵律层级单位如：韵律词、韵律短语以及语调短语）。
家长评语大全通过大量的语料分析和数据统计，本研究发现不同的表情体态特征具有不同的语言功能，其中上半脸主要具有语法和韵律标记功能，如：1）头前倾、扬眉和皱眉是区分不同疑问结构的表情体态标记，头前倾和扬眉标记一般疑问句，头前倾和皱眉是特殊疑问标记。同时扬眉和皱眉也是韵律短语和语调短语的域标记。2）眼部运动如：眨眼位于短语末尾，犹如有声语言的停顿来标记语调短语边界。3）眼睛注视为空间动词和一致动词中一致性关系的伴随性特征，常标记空间动词和一致动词的处所和宾语所在位置。
头部运动具有语法和韵律功能：1）摇头为否定结构的标记特征，主要有两种形式：一是独立标记否定结构，为否定结构的强制性标记特征；一是伴随否定手势共同标记否定结构，为否定结构的主要伴随性特征。2）头后倾常和否定手势一起共同标记否定结构，为否定结构的次要伴随性特征。3）头侧倾则是某些特定否定手势的内在强制性特征。4）头前倾为疑问信息标记，常和扬眉、皱眉一起共同标记一般疑问句和特殊疑问句。5）头部运动可和其他特征一起界定语调短语，可以作为语调短语的域标记，不同的语调短语之间的头部位置可能不同。
下半脸具有音位和语素功能：1）口部动作运动是手势表达的强制性要素，相当于音位，区分意义；2）口部动作可以充当形容词和副词修饰名词和动词。
从音系结构讲，上海手语中表情体态特征主要表现为：1）具有区分意义的音位功能的表情体态特征是词库内底层赋值的特征。2）具有语素和语法功能的表情体态特征有三种结构，a）表情体态特征是原来形容词手势底层赋值的固有特征，语流中手控特征消失后，保留下来的表情体态特征转移到被修饰的名词手势上，这一过程通过底层形式中特征的脱落和扩散得以实现，使这些保留下来的表情体态特征单独充当形容词功能修饰名词；b）一些具有副词功能及语法功能的表情体态特征不是底层词库内特征，是后词汇特征，在句子层面出现，依附在被修饰的动词、或否定、或疑问、或具有一致性关系的动词手势上；c）一些表情体态特征（“点头”和“摇头”等）可以是词库内特征，但不伴随手控特征存在，独立成音节，直接从词库内提取。
通过和其他国家手语表情体态特征研究成果对比，我们认为上海手语具有手语的共性（如：上半脸和头部运动主要具有语法和韵律功能，下半脸具有音位和语素功能）及其个体特殊性（如：上海手语否定结构中面部表情不具有语言学意义，头部运动和眨眼不能作为语调短语的唯一标记，但可以和其他表情体态特征一起共同标记语调短语）。
关键词：上海手语；表情体态；超音段特征；语言功能；韵律模型
Abstract
Sign language is articulated by the hand(manual features including handshapes, directions,movements and locations),together with other parts of the body (non-manual features).Non-manuals refer to upper face including eye and eyebrow movement,lower face such as mouth gestures,head and body positions including head and body tilt,and so on.According to overas studies,non-manuals are linguistically significant and can play different linguistic roles(phonological, morphological,syntactic and prosodic).The previous studies of sign language in China mainly focus on the manual features.The non-manuals as a linguistic part of Shanghai Sign Language has not yet been investigated in much detail.Moreover,the phonological behavior of tho non-manuals in Shanghai Sign Language(SSL)has not yet been inspected till now.This disrtation e
xplores the supra-gmental linguistic functions of non-manuals in SSL and analyzes the phonological behaviors of tho non-manuals in the frame-work of Prosodic Model(Brentari1998).
Bad on the first-hand data,this disrtation makes a systematic analysis of the non-manual features of SSL to answer the following rearch questions:
1)What linguistic roles can the non-manuals as supragmental features in SSL
play?
2)How do the non-manual features mark different linguistic functions such as12个月英文缩写
phonological,morphological,grammatical and prosodic and how do they
interact with the manual features in the utterance?
3)As prosodic markers,what is the relationship between the non-manual
marking domain and syntactic structure?
4)What is the phonological structure of the linguistic non-manual features and
how are the non-manual features phonologically reprented in the
framework of Prosodic Model?
5)What are universality and specialty of the non-manual linguistic functions and
behaviors in SSL?
鱼保鲜
To answer the rearch questions above,we have collected a lot of authentic data of SSL including150video clips,14stories,12conversations and4clips from the subjects’speeches,all of which take1hour56minutes and3conds.The transcriptions of non-manuals are done by EUDICO Linguistic Annotator(ELAN). The cues of non-manuals are defined as prented the following table:
cue Sign language cue definition
Basic tiers
annotation Every sign is transcribed into corresponding Chine. Chine
interpretion
Every ntence is translated into Chine.
The phonetic and phonological tiers of manual cue
Sign duration Duration of the sign’s articulation measured from the complete
formation of the initial handshape of the sign to the time
when the final handshape begins to deteriorate.
别出心裁造句
hold Period of time when the hand is kept in its particular shape and position.
Pau The hold at the end of the sign plus the transitional movement between one sign and the next.
Drop hand Deviation from the direct trajectory between the end of the preceding sign and the beginning of the next sign during the
英文字母写法transitional movement:the hands drop to the lap or to neutral
position,or the wrists become lax.
Coalescence Two neighboring signs or handshapes are coalesced into one sign or handshape,which shares some feature of the two
signs or handshapes.
Nondominant hand spreading The nondominant hand of a triggering two-handed sign may spread either leftwards or rightwards,or in both directions,to its neighboring one-handed sign.
Dominant hand assimilation The dominant hand of one sign is assimilated progressively or regressively the dominant handshape of its neighboring sign.
Nondominant hand drop Influenced by its neighboring signs,the nondominant hand of a two-handed sign will drop.
The phonetic and phonological tiers of non-manual cues
Eye gaze eye gaze at verb;eye gaze at addre;eye gaze for role shift;
others
Blink IP boundary blink;other prosodic tier blink;physiological blink;IP intial blink;voluntary blink
Upper face raid eyebrow(adverb);raid eyebrow(grammatical);
frowned eyebrow(adverb);frowned eyebrow(grammatical) Lower face mouthing;mouth actions;puffed cheeks;sucked cheeks;
purd lips;mm mouthing;tongue protrusion;unclear;no
mouth gesture
Adverbial
mouth actions
tongue protrusion;puffed cheeks;sucked cheeks;purd lips
Semantically empty mouth actions
tongue movement;puffed cheeks;sucked cheeks;open mouth;ü-shape mouth actions;u-shape mouth actions;mm mouth actions;echo mouth actions
Mouth-4-mouth actions The mouth performs an action of the mouth biting, chewing,shouting,etc.).
Mouth activity in the context of whole-face activity The mouth is active,but not independent of other facial actions.Rather,the mouth appears to be part of a global facial expression,often with an affective meaning.
Head position head tilt forward;tilt backward;tilt leftward;tilt rightward;
turn left;turn right;neutral position
Body position body tilt forward;tilt backward;tilt leftward;tilt rightward;
turn left;turn right;neutral position
Mouth gesture spreading The mouth gesture of one sign spreads progressively or regressively to its neighboring signs.
Syntactic tiers
Plain verb It refers to tho verbs which are not directed toward spatial locations.
Spatial verb It refers to tho verbs which are directed toward locations in signing space to indicate arguments of the verb.
Agreement verb It refers to tho verbs which mark the person and number features for subject and object,typically marking the subject first and then the object.
Questions Yes-no questions;wh-questions
睡觉胸口出汗
Negatives Basic negative words:“no”&“never”;NG handshape;
negation coalescence;negation gesture(shrugs and palms up) Prosodic tiers
Prosodic word PW（ω）
Phonological
phra
PP（φ）
Intonational
phra
IP（τ）
ELAN transcriptions and annotations of the data are done with help of a deaf assistant for correct understanding of all the signs and their reprentations.Whether the non-manuals are linguistic or not is judged by the three criteria of Deuchar(1984) and other three criteria of Liddell(1980)and Baker-Shenk(1983).By means of qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze the annotated data,we have found that non-manuals in SSL are linguistic and can mark different linguistic structures: phonologically(functioning as phoneme to distinguish different signs); morphologically(as adverbal or adjective morphemes to modify verbs and nouns); grammatically(to mark different syntactic structures such as negatives,interrogatives and verb agreement);prosodically(to mark prosodic units such as prosodic words, phonological phras and intonational phras).
Through the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the data in detail,specifically, non-manuals mark different linguistic structures.The basic conclusion with respect to non-manuals in SSL is that the features of the lower face are mainly phonological and morphological markings,tho of the upper face and head positions can mark different syntactic structures and prosodic units.For example:1)Mo
uth gestures can occur as a compulsory part of lexical signs,as well as an independent meaningful unit that co-occurs with lexical verb or noun signs.2)Eyebrow raising and head forward can mark yes-no questions,eyebrow frowning&head forward function as
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