Unit3 The Generation Gap
Section B
纪律作风整顿心得体会Passage One
Questions 11 to 15 are bad on the following passage.(U3-1)
The predictability of our mortality rates is something that has long puzzled social scientists. After all, there is no natural reason why 2,500 people should accidentally shoot themlves each year or why 7,000 should drown or 55,000 die in their cars. No one establishes a quota for each type of death. It just happens that they follow a consistent pattern year after year.
A few years ago a Canadian psychologist named Gerald Wilde became interested in this phenomenon. He noticed that mortality rates for violent and accidental deaths throughout the Western world have remained oddly static throughout the whole of the century, despite all the technological advances and increas in safety standards that have happened in that time. Wilde developed an intriguing theory called “risk homeostasis”. According to this theory, people instinctively live with a certain level of risk. When something is made safer, people will get around the measure in some way to reasrt the origin
al level of danger. If, for instance, they are required to wear at belts, they will feel safer and thus will drive a little faster and a little more recklessly, thereby statistically canceling out the benefits that the at belt confers. Other studies have shown that where an interction is made safer, the accident rate invariably falls there but ris to a compensating level elwhere along the same stretch of road. It appears, then, that we have an innate need for danger.
In all events, it is becoming clearer and clearer to scientists that the factors influencing our lifespan are far more subtle and complex than had been previously thought. It now appears that if you wish to live a long l ife, it isn’t simply a matter of adhering to certain precautions … eating the right foods, not smoking, driving with care. You must also have the right attitude. Scientists at the Duke University Medical Center made a 15-year study of 500 persons personalities and found, somewhat to their surpri, that people with a suspicious or mistrustful nature die prematurely far more often than people with a sunny disposition. Looking on the bright side, it ems, can add years to your life span.
11. What social scientists have long felt puzzled about is why .
A) the mortality rate can not be predicted
B) the death toll remained stable year after year
C) a quota for each type of death has not come into being
D) people lost their lives every year for this or that reason
12. In his rearch, Gerald Wilde finds that technological advances and increas in safety standards .
A) have helped solve the problem of so high death rate
B) have oddly accounted for mortality rates in the past century
C) have reduced mortality rates for violent and accidental deaths
D) have achieved no effect in bringing down the number of deaths
13. According to the theory of “risk homeostasis”, some traffic accidents result from .
A) our innate desire for risk
B) our fast and reckless driving
C) our ignorance of at belt benefits
D) our instinctive interest in speeding
14. By saying “…statistically canceling out the benefits that the at belt confers” (Para. 2),the author means .
A) wearing at belts does not have any benefits from the statistic point of view
B) deaths from wearing at belts are the same as tho from not wearing them
C) deaths from other reasons counterbalance the benefits of wearing at belts
D) wearing at belts does not necessarily reduce deaths from traffic accidents
15. Which of the following may contribute to a longer life span?
A) Showing adequate trust instead of suspicion of others
B) Eating the food low in fat and driving with great care
C) Cultivating an optimistic personality and never losing heart
D) Looking on the bright side and developing a balanced level of risk
这是一篇人文类说明文。
第一段中作者提出长期困扰社会科学家的问题，即死亡率遵循一种一成不变的模式。在第二段中作者引用加拿大心理学家Gerald Wilde的risk homeostasis（体内风险平衡）理论分析了原因，并以交通事故为例，指出如果驾驶时系了安全带，这方面原因导致的车祸会降低，但另一方面驾车人因为感到安全可能会开快车，开鲁莽车，从而发生死亡事故。第三段讨论了影响寿命的因素，文中提到，保持长寿，不仅要注意饮食、不抽烟、谨慎驾驶，更要有乐观的生活态度。
11. B) 语义理解题问的是长期困扰社会科学家的问题是什么，本题依据是第一段最后一句“It just happens that they follow a consistent pattern year after year”，与选项B)“死亡人数年复一年保持稳定”相吻合。
12. D) 细节推论题本题题干出现在第二段第二句，意思说：虽然有技术进步和安全标准的提高，西方世界的暴力和意外死亡率在整个世纪中保持着奇怪的恒定（static），由此判断，技术进步和安全标准的提高并未降低各种原因的死亡人数，D项正确。
曲阜三孔景区13. A) 细节理解题问题是“根据体内风险平衡理论，某些交通事故是由于什么原因”，A)“我们天生的冒
险欲望”；B)“开快车，开鲁莽车”；C)“无视安全带的好处”；D)“对超速行驶的本能兴趣”。在第二段靠后，作者先列举交通事故例子，然后在最后一句得出结论：It appears, then, that we have an innate need for danger. 符合A项意思。
14. C) 句意理解题本句大体意思是：从数字统计的角度说，（开快车开鲁莽车导致的死亡人数的增加）抵消了系保险带（引起的死亡人数减少）的好处。cancel out解释为“抵消，对消”。所以C项“因为其他原因引起的死亡对消了系保险带的好处”符合题意。A和D都包含系保险带没有好处，不对，系保险带有benefits，会降低这方面原因导致的死亡事故。B)“系安全带与不系安全带的死亡人数一样”，无此意。
15. C) 语义理解题问什么有助于长寿，依据最后一段。A)“对别人信任不要怀疑”，不对，倒数第二句是说疑惑心重的人比乐观豁达的人早逝；B项不对，文中说“eating the right foods”，并不等于低脂食物；C项正确，“an optimistic per sonality and never losing heart”都是“a sunny disposition”的特征；D项后半部分不对。
Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are bad on the following passage.(U3-2)
We all know that DNA has the ability to identify individuals but, becau it is inherited, there are also regions of the DNA strand which can relate an individual to his or her family (immediate and extended), tribal group and even an entire population. Molecular Genealogy (宗谱学) can u this unique identification provided by the genetic markers to link people together into family trees. Pedigrees (家谱) bad on such genetic markers can mean a breakthrough for family trees where information is incomplete or missing due to adoption, illegitimacy or lack of records. There are many communities and populations which have lost precious records due to tragic events such as the fire in the Irish courts during Civil War in 1921 or American slaves for whom many records were never kept in the first place.
The main objective of the Molecular Genealogy Rearch Group is to build a databa containing over 100,000 DNA samples from individuals all over the world. The individuals will have provided a pedigree chart of at least four generations and a small blood sample. Once the databa has enough samples to reprent the world genetic make-up, it will eventually help in solving many issues regarding genealogies that could not be done by relying only on traditional written records. Theoretically, any individual will someday be able to trace his or her family origins through this databas e.
In the meantime, as the databa is being created, molecular genealogy can already verify possible or suspected relationships between individuals. “For example, if two men sharing the same last name believe that they are related, but no written record proves this relationship, we can verify this possibility by collecting a sample of DNA from both and looking for common markers (in this ca we can look primarily at the Y chromosome (染色体)),” explains Ugo A. Perego, a member of the BYU Molecular Genealogy rearch team.
26. People in a large area may posss the same DNA thread becau .
A) DNA is characteristic of a region
B) they are beyond doubt of common ancestry
C) DNA strand has the ability to identify individuals
D) their unique identification can be provided via DNA
27. The possible rearch of family trees is bad on the fact that .
A) genetics has achieved a breakthrough
B) genetic information contained in DNA can be revealed now
C) each individual carries a unique record of who he is and how he is related to others
D) we can u DNA to prove how distant an individual is to a family, a group or a population
28. The Molecular Genealogy Rearch Group is building a databa for the purpo of .
办公室里的猫王
A) offering assistance in working out genealogy-related problems
B) solving many issues without relying on traditional written records
C) providing a pedigree chart of at least four generations in the world
D) confirming the assumption that all individuals are of the same origin
29. If two men suspected for some reason they have a common ancestor, .
A) we can decide according to their family tree
B) we can find the truth from their genetic markers
古诗励志
C) we can compare the differences in their Y chromosome
D) we can look for written records to prove their relationship
30. Which of the following CANNOT be inferred from the passage?
A) We are a walking,living,breathing record of our ancestors
B) Many American slaves did not know who their ancestors were.
C) An adopted child generally lacks enough information to prove his identity.
D) Molecular genealogy can be ud to prove a relationship between individuals.
这是一篇科普类说明文。
文章提到，DNA可以用来识别个人身份。宗谱学利用遗传标记所提供的独有识别特征将人连成家族树。对于家族信息缺失的人来说，通过研究他们的遗传标记，可以使他们的家谱研究取得突破。宗谱学研究小组（the Molecular Genealogy Rearch Group）建立一个由10万基因样本组成的数据库，其最终目的是帮助解决仅靠传统文字资料不能完全解决的有关宗谱的问题。
26.B) 单句理解推断题题干的意思是对第一句中“there are also regions of the DN A strand（也有一些区域具有同样的DNA线索）”的改写，原因就是前面提到的“becau it is inherited（DNA具有遗传性）”，既然是遗传，那么可以推断出具有同样DNA特征的人必定有同样的祖先。比较四个选项，B符合这样的意思。
27. C) 语义理解推断题基于第一段第二、三句，我们知道遗传标记提供独有的识别特征（unique identification）把人们连接在一起，形成家族树。换句话说，能对家族树进行研究，是因为遗传标记的独有特征可以用来判断一个人的基因身份以及与他人之间的关系，C项正确。A)“遗传学取得突破”和B)“包含在DNA中的基因信息现在可以揭示出来”没有回答进行家族树研究依据什么基础这样的问题；而D项强调“用DNA证明有多远（how distant）”与文章相孛。
28. A) 细节理解题题干问的是建数据库的目的，对照第二段中“help in solving many issues regarding genealogies that could not be done by relying only…(有助于解决仅靠…不能解决的宗谱有关的许多问题)”。四个选项：A)“解决宗谱有关的问题时提供帮助”，正确；B)“无须依赖传统文字资料解决许多问题”；C)“提供代表世界基因构成的家谱树”；
D)“获得10万份世界各地个人DNA样本”均不正确。
29. B) 细节推断题题干的表述相当于第三段第二句的“if two men sharing the same last name believe t
hat they are related”，做题依据是本句的后半句“we can verify this possibility by collecting a sample of DNA from both and looking for common markers(通过采集两个人的DNA样本寻找共同的遗传标记来确定这种可能性)”，B项符合。C)“比较他们Y染色体的不同”，并非要强调不同，错误。
30. C) 篇章推断题A)“我们的方方面面记录着我们的祖先”，可以推断，因为DNA具有遗传特性；B)“许多美国黑奴不知道他们的祖先”，正确，依据是第一段最后一句；C)“收养的孩子或者孤儿与他们的家族树没有关系”，不正确，因为他们与家族树的关系是基因特征而不是其他因素决定的；D)“宗谱学能用来证明人与人之间的关系”，识别和证明人的身份关系是宗谱学的目的，正确。
Unit 5 Overcoming Obstacles
Passage One
(1)Until the 1980s, the American homeless population comprid mainly older males. Today, homelessness strikes much younger part of society. In fact, a 25-city survey by the U. S. Conference of Mayors in 1987 found that families with children make up the fastest growing part of the homeless population. (2)Many homeless children gather in inner cities; this transient(变化无常的) and frequently frightened student population creates additional problems — both legal and educational — for already overburdened urban school administrators and teachers.
Estimates of the number of homeless Americans range from 350,000 to three million. Likewi, estimates of the number of homeless school children vary radically. (3) A U.S. Department of Education report, bad on state estimates,
如何提高管理能力states that there are 220,000 homeless school-age children, about a third of whom do not attend school on a regular basis, But the National Coalition for the Homeless estimates that there are at least two times as many homeless children, and that less than half of them attend school regularly.
(4)One part of the homeless population that is particularly difficult to count consists of the “throwaway” youths who have been cast of their homes. The Elementary School Center in New Y ork City estimates that there are 1.5 million of them, many of whom are not counted as children becau they do not stay in family shelters and tend to live by themlves on the streets.
(5)Federal law, the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act of 1987, includes a ction that address the educational needs of homeless children. The educational provisions of the McKinney Act are bad on the belief that all homeless children have the right to a free, appropriate education.
1. It is implied in the first paragraph that ____.
A) the writer himlf is homeless, even in his eighties
B) many older homeless residents are going on strike in 25 cities
C) there is a rious shortage of academic facilities
D) homeless children are denied the opportunity of receiving free education
2. The National Coalition for the homeless believes that the number of homeless children is _____.
A) 350,000
B) 1,500,000
C) 440,000
D) 110,000
3. One part of the homeless population is difficult to estimate. The reason might well be ____.
A) the homeless children are too young to be counted as children
B) the homeless population is growing rapidly
C) the homeless children usually stay outside school
D) some homeless children are derted by their families
4. The McKinney Act is mentioned in this passage in order to show that ___.
A) the educational problems of homeless children are being recognized
鼻子的英文怎么读
B) the estimates on homeless children are hard to determine
C) the address of grade-school children should be located
D) all homeless people are entitled to free education
5. The passage mainly deals with ____.
A) the legal problems of the homeless children
B) the educational problems of homeless children
C) the social status of older males
D) estimates on the homeless population
【答案及详解】
答案：C C D A B
(1)直到20世纪80年代，美国无家可归的人口主要包括的还是年龄较大的男性。现在，社会上年龄较小的一些人也面临无家可归的威胁。的确，美国市长会议在1987年对25个城市进行了一项调查，结果表明，在无家可归的人口中，儿童的增长比例是最快的。(2)许多无家可归的儿童都聚集在城市的中心地带。其中学龄儿童四处流浪，饱受惊吓。这给已经负担考试大过重的城市教学和教学管理带来了许多额的外的麻烦，其中既涉及法律问题又涉及教育问题。
美国无家可归的人口数量估计在35万到300万人之间。同样，无家可归的学龄儿童人数也无法做出准确的估计。(3)一份根据各州估计数字而得出的美国教法的育部的报告指出，有22万无家可归的学龄儿童，其中约有三分之一没有按规定上学。然而国家关于无家可归人员的联盟会却估计，这样的儿童人数至少还应该多一倍，其中半数以上没有正常入学。
(4)有一部分无家可归的人口尤其难以统计，就是那些遭家庭遗弃的“浪荡”少年。据纽约小学中心估计，这样的人口有150万左右。其中还有许多小孩没有估计进去，因为这些小孩不呆在安全的家中，却往往独自在街头流浪。
(5)联邦法律(1987年斯图尔德•B•麦肯尼无家可归人员救助法案)有一部分专门指出了无家可归儿童的教育需要。
法案中有关于教育的条款所。
Passage Two
If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themlves to blame. Becau they tremble at the thought of being em in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside becau of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.
Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn, Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dress they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck - lines are lowered or raid, and so on.
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability (耐用).They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right, There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of wome n’s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themlves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.
英文文章阅读36.Designers and big stores always make money ________.
A) by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industry
B) becau they are capable of predicting new fashions
C) by constantly changing the fashions in women's clothing
D) becau they attach great importance to quality in women s clothing
37.To the writer,the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dress is en as _________.
A) a waste of money
B) a waste of time
C) an expression of taste
D) an expression of creativity
38.The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the ________of clothing.
A) cost B) appearance C) comfort D) suitability
39.According to the passage,which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of women.
B) The constant changes in women's clothing reflect their strength of character.
C) The fashion industry makes an important contribution to society.瑾然
D) Fashion designs should not be encouraged since they are only welcomed by women.
36. C
依据：If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themlves to blame. Becau they tremble at the thought of being em in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores.
37. B
依据：waste hours of their time altering the dress they have
38. C
依据：Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability (耐用).
39. A
依据：If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themlves to blame.
Unit7 Learning about English
Section B
