八哥伦理
I.Education
Educational Policy
Historically,education was voluntary and many British schools were t up by the church.Before 1870,only 40% of children under 10 went to school regularly. From then on,in respon to changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution and social and political movements,the government started to take responsibility for education.
Education in Britain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 5 and 16 (17 from 2013).In the 1960s,comprehensive schools' were introduced,which ended the division between grammar schools?, where the most academically capable pupils were nt to prepare for university,and vocational schools,where the less successful pupils were nt to learn a trade.The National Curriculum was introduced in 1988.Today all children must study the following subjects:mathematics, English,science,geography,history,technology,music,arts,physical education and a foreign language.They must also pass national tests and schools are ranked according to their students' performance on the tests.
Now, education in Britain is divided into four stages:primary education,condary education,further education and higher education.Children start primary考研英语长难句 school at the age of 5 and go on to rondary school at the age of ll and stay there until 16. After that,they can choo16 to study for two more years in preparation formigher education.Students start their university education around the age or 18.
Educational System
1)Primary and Secondary Education
There are two parallel school systems in Britain for primary and condary education. One is the state system,where education is provided free of charge. The other is the independent system where fees are required.At prent,there are over 2,500 independent schools across the country,including some prestigious and time-honored ats of learning such as Eton and Winchester*. Over 7% of all British children receive primary and condary education through the independent system. The
National Curriculum is compulsory in the state system,but optional in the independent system. However,in practice,most independent schools teach what the National Curriculum demands.
Between the ages of 5 to 11,students mainly attend state primary schools. The schools are called co-educational or mixed schools becau they admit both boys andgirls.State condary schools take in students aged 11. Then compulsory education continues for five years until they reach the age of 16.
Secondary schools are mostly comprehensive,which provide a general education. Students study both academic subjects,like literature and science,and more practical ones,like cooking and carpentry.
When children finish their schooling at 16，they are required to take a national examination,the General Certificate of Secondary Education(GCSE),which certifies that they have achieved the standard expected after Il year
s of compulsory education.Having completed their GCSE, students may choo to leave school and begin working,or to continue full-time education 家常菜食谱in what is called the"sixth form”,which lasts for two years,and then take a further t of standardized exams,known as the A-levels(General Certificate of Education-AdvancedLevel'),in three or four subjects.Since admittance to universities depends targely on A-level results,the two years spent in the sixth form are crucially important and stressful for students.Other students who decide not to go to university may choo to take vocational training.
In the private ctor,a number of independent schools are commonly and somewhat confusingly called publie-schools.Independent schools receive their funding through the private ctor and tuition fees,with minimal government assistance. They are generally much better funded than most state schools and are likely to recruit the best teachers and provide enjoyssuperior facilities.As a result,graduates of independent schools are more likely than th
o of state schools to be accepted by famous universities.Yet the high fees of independent schoolshave made education at independent schools a privilege of the wealthy.
2) Higher Education
Higher education has a long history in Britain.Oxford and Cambridge dated from the12th and 13th centuries,while the Scottish universities of St.Andrews,Glasgow,Edinburgh and Aberdeen were founded in the 15th and 16th centuries. Other universities were mainly established in the 19th and 20th centuries.In the 1960s there was a large expansion in the number of universities and many new institutions were founded.In 1992 the number grew again when polytechnics were given the right to become universities. Nowthere are more than 100 universities in Britain.Along with universities,colleges also play an important part in the British higher edu
cation system. They vary greatly in size and rangeof disciplines.Some of them specialize in certain fields of study like art or design;others are multi-disciplinary and can award degrees up to the doctoral level.There are also professional colleges which specialize in teacher training.
All British universities are partially funded by(central government grants,)except审阅的意思是什么 Buckingham University and BPP University College.The rest funds come from tuition fees, donations or corporate contributions. Before 1998,university students did not pay tuition for their education.In addition,students from poor families could receive the maintenance grant, a form of financial aid bad on need,from the central governm.In 1998,the Labor governm ent abolished the maintenance grant and implemented 苹果手机怎么开机tuition plan for university education,which varied according to the university.
Britain's universities are legally independent and enjoy complete academic咸蛋黄炒饭 freedom. They appoint their own staff,decide which students to admit,provide their own c
ours and award their own degrees. Admission is by lection bad onA-level results,school references and an interview. Degrees are awarded according to students' performance throughout their studies,yet are often dependent upon final examinations. Students spend three years studying full-time for the first degree Bachelor of Arts(B.A.)or Bachelor of Science(B.S.).Then,if they want to obtain a Master's Degree in Arts(M.A.)or a M aster's Degree in Science (M.S.), they usually need another one-year of full-time study. To obtain a doctoral degree requires three to four years of additional study and rearch.
