1.
倍数的表达
i. x times(twice) + the + n. (twice还能做determiner)
ii. x times adj. (比较形式) than
iii. x times as adj. as 注意里面的adj.要和前面的名词匹配
A do x times as adj. … x as
B do
iv. x times + what 分句(名词性从句相当于名词)真棒的英文
v. x-fold
fun的比较级和最高级vi. double, triple, quadruple, quintuple, xtuple
3）X times more than
2. 关于twice用法;
twice只做副词和限定词，因此twice引导的部分在句子中充当什么角色由twice后面的成分决定.
1.1twice做副词，后面接形容词和副词：
twice as many…as; twice as much…as;
The farm has more than twice as many cows as it has pigs.: 农场有多于猪两倍多的牛的数量（农场牛的数量比猪的两倍还要多）。（很多人会误读为猪比牛多。）
解读方法：可以类比一下A has B twice as many as C这个比较句型也可以写为A has twice as many B as C. 所以句子的核心是A has B，即：The farm has cows.
详细解读：twice as …as中前一个as是副词，more than twice as修饰many；而as it has pigs中的as自然是个连词，所以后面跟的是一个adverbial clau
（状语从句/副词从句），而as…as句型比较特殊，后面的as要与前面as
所修饰的内容相呼应，所以as it has pigs应该与前面as所修饰的对象
many相呼应，即as it has pigs也是修饰了many。不管怎么说as it has
pigs都不是核心成分。这样翻译过来就是农场有牛，相当于两倍多的猪。
故，牛多猪少。
#1. Today, becau of improvements in agricultural technology, the same amount of acreage produces twice as many apples as it did in 1910.
竞争力的英语#2. 如A does B, twice as..as，因为as...as...是形容词就近修饰B，即as...as...本身是同位语修饰词，所以as...就是同位修饰语(appositive modifier);
1.2twice做限定词, 后面接名词性成分：
twice + n.(可以是代词，比如that); twice + what从句;
#1. In the 1980’s the rate of increa of the minority population of the United States was nearly twice what i t was in the 1970’s.
#2. In 1914 a total of 469,000 cars and trucks were produced in the Uni t ed States, but in 1929 almost twice that number of trucks alone came off the asmbly lines.
#3. American productivity is declining in relation to Europe’s; the energy expended per uni t of productio n in the Uni t ed States is as much as twice that expended in West Germany.
#4. According to surveys by the National Institute on Drug Abu, about 20 percent of young adults ud cocaine in 1979, twice the number reported in the 1977 survey.
1.3 其他注意点: Twice做副词, 可以跟在动词后面, think twice;
3、用动词表达倍数：
double/triple/quadruple/quintuple/xtuple ----》这些动词可以做形容词(double还能做adv, predeterminer)
sth. double sth.; sth. is doubled; sth. doubl e(adj.);
几个永远错误的形式：
(1)produce double；a doubling of; produce a doubling
(2)as much as twice the apples(much与apples矛盾)（要改为twice as many apples as; sth. double sth.）
*：这几个动词可以用主动也可以用被动，但是不能和as搭配;（差不多记住这句话就可以）
4三类表示倍数的形容词为：twofold, threefold, fourfold, tenfold等。以twofold为例，其意思为two times as much or as many of something。该类词为形容词，多用于构成形容词＋名词的词组，如：a threefold increa in revenue，少用于比较两个事物之间的倍数关系。
5. 关于double用法;
2.1 double可以是名词, 动词(vi&vt), 形容词, 副词, 限定词;什么是基本农田
2.2 double做限定词时用法与twice相同
2.3 double跟在动词后面做副词，用法同twice (e double) --> double 做副词就这么一个用法，比twice 单调;
2.4 没有double as…as只有twice as…as;
黄金雀2.5 做形容词, 应该是the double price 或者a double amount, 注意冠词在前;
2.6 做动词, 可以及物, 比如A doubles its size to…; 或者不及物, 比如 A doubles in size.
more than double the 1.4 percent growth rate，其中double是动词，more than是副词。对于more than doubled或is more than doubled的区分技巧：把more than脱去不看，doubled是一般过去时，而is doubled是被动语态
Double 和twice 都要注意, 做同位语有时紧靠修饰词，有时被分隔保持句子平衡, 如：
1. According to surveys by the National Institute on Drug Abu, about 20 percent of young adults ud cocaine in 1979, twice the number reported in the 1977 survey. 这里twice the number跳过ud cocaine in 1979.
------->即同位语可以跳过比较短的句子成分修饰到主句主语上去:
法超
1. the whole truth came out that he is a bad guy. 这里 that从句跳过came out 做whole truth的同位语.v
4. A survey by the National Council of Churches showed that in 1986 there were 20,736 female ministers, almost 9 percent of the nation’s clergy, twice as much as 1977.
A. twice as much as 1977
B. twice as many as 1977
C. double what it was in 1977
D. double the figure for 1977 （figure和20,736 female ministers对应，正确，但是可能这里用number 比较好，个人见解）
E. a number double that of 1977's
The number of people flying first class on domestic flights ro sharply in 1990, doubling the increa of the previous year.
a. doubling the increa of （因为逻辑意思上比较跳跃，后面的increa和前面的哪个名词对都不上，所以用doubling，修饰ro）
b. doubling that of the increa in
c. double as much as the increa of
d. twice as many as the increa in
e. twice as many as the increa of
According to surveys by the National Institute on Drug Abu, about 20 percent of
young adults ud cocaine in 1979, doubling tho reported in the 1977 survey.
(A) doubling tho reported in the 1977 survey
(B) to double the number the 1977 survey reported
(C) twice tho the 1977 survey reported
(D) twice as much as tho reported in the 1977 survey
(E) twice the number reported in the 1977 survey
1457年
我同意Ron的说法，E虽然是答案，但是也是有问题的
2. Becau of 后只能加简单的名词结构，becau of sb’s doing 一定要改成becau
这种情况同样适用于due to，despite（in despite of），as a result of
3 whether or not的使用：(见the handbook of good english)
1) 在引导宾从的时候只能够用whether，而不能加or not，否则累赘
2) 在引导状从的时候必须加上or not，即whether or not.
whether表示列举时候的用法：Whether A, B, or C.
4.如果but后面接名词是不能有instead的，因为but是介词；但是如果but后面接动词就
变成了连词，中间加副词instead没问题。Prep07 1-73：Evolutionary psychology holds that the human mind is not a "blank slate" but instead compris specialized mental mechanisms that were developed to solve specific problems human ancestors faced millions of years ago.
5. While在表示转折对比时，有两件events同时发生的含义。
while it then proved unable to handle the increa in business中while和then是矛盾的两个词，while强调同时，then强调先后
6. 下面三种形式无区别（后两种强烈语气，不可以随意删掉so）前后都要用句子，不能只用短语。
Just as … , so … Just as you sow, so you will reap 主从句要尽量形式对称
Just as … , as … Just as you sow, as you will reap 主从句要尽量形式对称
Just as … , so too … 主句要部分倒装(so too后是主句) Just as you sow, so too will you reap
●so with是错误结构。(prep 1-15)
as with的结构在日常语法中是对的，但用于GMAT语法中，需要有其他结构与之平行：大全938. With diamonds, as with all gems, you should ask for a written description of your purcha; the description may prove uful later
if you have reason to believe the jew el e r mi s l e d you.
单纯的as with the ca + prep. (of/with/in) + sth.结构错误，应该用
as is the ca + prep. (of/with/in) + sth.
prep 1-39 As is the ca with traditional pharmacies, prescriptions are the cornerstone of a successful on-line drugstore, since it is primarily
prescriptions that attract the customers, who then also buy other
health related items.
刘询的皇后●in the same way that…, as/so…也是错误结构
●like…, so/as…也是错误结构：like的比较必须是严格对称的
一个类似just as的结构—by aeoluros
what = just as，意为“恰像，犹如，好比”用作连词，引导比较状语从句
(1) 惯用句式是：A is to B what C is to D. 意为“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如：
Air is to us What water is to fish. 空气对于我们犹如水对于鱼。(介词to表示两者的关系)
(2) 也有“A is for B what C is for D.”句式。例如：
Poultry is for the cook what canvas is for the paint. 厨师离不了家禽正如画家离不开画布一样。（介词for表示“供…使用”）
(3) what 引导的从句也可以放在句首，其句式是: What C is to D, that A is to B.(= A is to B what C is to D.)
在这一结构中，喻体在前，主体在后，相当于“,so...”结构，意思也是“A对B 而言正如C对D一样”例如:
What blood vesl is to a man's body, that railway is to transportation.（=Just as blood vesl is to a man's body, so Railway is to transportation.）铁路对于运输，好比血管对于人体一样。
(4) 需要注意的是what不可以直接被just as替换，just as需要有遵循属于自己的平行比较格式。
如下题OG12-58：
A leading figure in the Scottish Enlightenment, Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic capitalism what Marx’s Das Kapital is to socialism.
(A) Adam Smith’s two major books are to democrati c capi t ali s m w hat
(B) Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic capitalism like
(C) Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic capitalism just as
(D) Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism similar to
(E) Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democrati c capi t ali s m w hat Idiom; Logical predication
A leading f igure in the Scottish Enlightenment describes Adam Smith, not his two books, so the name of Adam Smith must immediately follow the opening phra. The comparison between Smith’s books and Marx’s book is expresd as a ratio, so the correct idiomatic expression is x is to y what a is to b.
A The opening phra is a dangling modif ier becau it describes Smith, not his books.
B The opening phra is a dangling modif ier; like is an incorrect word for making the comparison.
C The opening phra is a dangling modif ier; just as is an incorrect term for the comparison.
D Similar to is an incorrect conclusion to the comparison introduced by are to.
E Correct. The opening phra is followed by the subject that it modifi es, Adam Smith, and the comparison of the two men’s work is prented idiomatically.
7.for doing是指某事物的具体用途，而to do 则有目的的意思，但用途和目的本来就有交叉的地方，所以没有绝对规则，for doing有持久性的趋势，而to do往往是一次性行为
8. especially是表示程度
specially表示特殊
9. capability和ability区别：ability to do和capability to do区别，在强调某人/物天生具有某种能力用ability好，capability可能强调的是能不能做某事（跟天生没什么关系），如government'capability或transport system's capability等。
