Golden Gate Bridge
1.Introduction: The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden
Gate, the opening of the San Francisco Bay into the Pacific Ocean. As part of both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1, it connects the city of San Francisco on the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula to Marin County. The Golden Gate Bridge was the longest suspension bridge span in the world when it was completed in 1937, and has become one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco, California, and of the United States.
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2.History
2.1 Ferry rvice:Before the bridge was built, the only practical short route between San
Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a ction of San Francisco Bay.
Ferry rvice began as early as 1820, with regularly scheduled rvice beginning in the 1840s for purpos of transporting water to San Francisco. The Sausalito Land and Ferry Company rvice, launched in 1867, eventually became the Golden Gate Ferry Company, a Southern Pacific Railroad subsidiary, the largest ferry operation in the world by the late 1920s.Once for railroad pasngers and c
ustomers only, Southern Pacific‘s automobile ferries became very profitable and important to the regional economy. The ferry crossing between the Hyde Street Pier in San Francisco and Sausalito in Marin County took approximately 20 minutes and cost US$1.00 per vehicle, a price later reduced to compete with the new bridge. The trip from the San Francisco Ferry Building took 27 minutes.
Many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County. San Francisco was the largest American city still rved primarily by ferry boats. Becau it did not have a permanent link with communities around the bay, the city's growth rate was below the national average. Many experts said that a bridge couldn’t be built across the 6,700 ft (2,042 m) strait. It had strong, swirling tides and currents, with water 500 ft (150 m) in depth at the center of the channel, and frequent strong winds. Experts said that ferocious winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation.
2.2Conception:Although the idea of a bridge spanning the Golden Gate was not new, the
proposal that eventually took place was made in a 1916 San Francisco Bulletin article by former engineering student James Wilkins. San Francisco's City Engineer estimated the cost at $100 million, impractical for the time, and fielded the question to bridge engineers of whether it could be b
为什么总是打嗝uilt for less. One who responded, Joph Strauss, was an ambitious but dreamy engineer and poet who had, for his graduate thesis, designed a 55-mile (89 km) long railroad bridge across the Bering Strait.At the time, Strauss had completed some 400
drawbridges—most of which were inland—and nothing on the scale of the new project.少儿版画
Strauss's initial drawings were for a massive cantilever on each side of the strait, connected by a central suspension gment, which Strauss promid could be built for $17 million.
Local authorities agreed to proceed only on the assurance that Strauss alter the design and accept input from veral consulting project experts.[citation needed] A suspension-bridge design was considered the most practical, becau of recent advances in metallurgy.Strauss spent more than a decade drumming up support in Northern California.
The bridge faced opposition, including litigation, from many sources. The Department of War was concerned that the bridge would interfere with ship traffic; the navy feared that a ship collision or sabotage to the bridge could block the entrance to one of its main harbors.
Unions demanded guarantees that local workers would be favored for construction jobs. 2.3Finance: The Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District, authorized by an act of the
California Legislature, was incorporated in 1928 as the official entity to design, construct, and finance the Golden Gate Bridge. However, after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the District was unable to rai the construction funds, so it lobbied for a $30 million bond measure. The bonds were approved in November 1930, by votes in the counties affected by the bridge. The construction budget at the time of approval was $27 million. However, the District was unable to ll the bonds until 1932, when Amadeo Giannini, the founder of San Francisco–bad Bank of America, agreed on behalf of his bank to buy the entire issue in order to help the local economy.
2.4Opening festivities:The bridge-opening celebration began on May 27, 1937 and
lasted for one week. The day before vehicle traffic was allowed, 200,000 people crosd by foot and roller skate. On opening day, Mayor Angelo Rossi and other officials rode the ferry to Marin, then crosd the bridge in a motorcade past three ceremonial "barriers", the last
a blockade of beauty queens who required Joph Strauss to prent the bridge to the
Highway District before allowing him to pass. An official song, "There's a Silver Moon on the Golden Gate", was chon to commemorate the event. Strauss wrote a poem that is now on the Golden Gate Bridge entitled "The Mighty Task is done." The next day, President Roovelt pushed a button i
n Washington, D.C. signaling the official start of vehicle traffic over the Bridge at noon. When the celebration got out of hand, the SFPD had a small riot in the uptown Polk Gulch area. Weeks of civil and cultural activities called "the Fiesta"
followed. A statue of Strauss was moved in 1955 to a site near the bridge.
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3.Design and Construction
3.1 Designer:Joph Strauss, Alvin Mauro, Charles Rhys Evans, Leon Moisafe.
3.2Structure: The weight of the roadway is hung from two cables that pass through the
two main towers and are fixed in concrete at each end. Each cable is made of 27,572 strands of wire. There are 80,000 miles (129,000 km) of wire in the main cables. The bridge
has approximately 1,200,000 total rivets.
3.3Construction: Construction began on January 5 1933. The project cost more than $35
million. The Golden Gate Bridge construction project was carried out by the McClintic-Marshall Cons丝网花材料
truction Co., founded by Howard H.McClintic and Charles D. Marshall, both of Lehigh University.Strauss remained head of the project, overeing day-to-day construction and making some groundbreaking contributions. A graduate of the University of Cincinnati, he placed a brick from his alma mater's demolished McMicken Hall in the south anchorage before the concrete was poured. He innovated the u of movable safety netting beneath the construction site, which saved the lives of many otherwi-unprotected steelworkers. Of eleven men killed from falls during construction, ten were killed (when the bridge was near completion) when the net failed under the stress of a scaffold that had fallen. Nineteen others who were saved by the net over the cour of construction became proud members of the (informal) Halfway to Hell Club. The project was finished by April 1937, $1.3 million under budget.
4.Description
4.1Specifications: Wildlife is abundant near the bridge. A photograph of the bridge from a
boat. Fog at the Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco. The center span was the longest among suspension bridges until 1964 when the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge was erected between the boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn in New York City, surpassing the Golden Gate Bridge by 60 f
eet (18 m).The Golden Gate Bridge also had the world's tallest suspension towers at the time of construction and retained that record until more recently.
4.2Aesthetics: Despite its red appearance, the color of the bridge is officially an orange
vermillion called international orange. The color was lected by consulting architect Irving Morrow becau it complements the natural surroundings and enhances the bridge's visibility in fog. Aesthetics was the foremost reason why the first design of Joph Strauss was rejected. Upon re-submission of his bridge construction plan, he added details, such as lighting, to outline the bridge's cables and towers. In 1999, it was ranked fifth on the List of America’s Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects.
4.3Traffic: As the only road to exit San Francisco to the north, the bridge is part of both U.S.
Route 101.and California Route 1. The median markers between the lanes are moved to conform to traffic patterns. On weekday mornings, traffic flows mostly southbound into the city, so four of the six lanes run southbound. Converly, on weekday afternoons, four lanes run northbound. Although there has been discussion concerning the installation of a movable barrier since the 1980s, the Bridge Board of Directors, in March 2005, committed to finding funding to complete the $2 million stu
dy required prior to the installation of a movable median barrier. The eastern walkway is for pedestrians and bicycles during the weekdays and during daylight hours only (6:30 am to 3:30 pm), and the western walkway is
open to bicyclists on weekday afternoons (after 3:30 pm), weekends, and holidays (3:30 pm to 6:30 am). The speed limit on the Golden Gate Bridge was reduced from 55 mph (89 km/h) to 45 mph (72 km/h) on 1 October 1996.
4.4Paintwork: The bridge was originally painted with red lead primer and a lead-bad
topcoat, which was touched up as required. In the mid-1960s, a program was started to improve corrosion protection by stripping the original paint and repainting the bridge with zinc silicate primer and vinyl topcoats. Since 1990 Acrylic topcoats have been ud instead for air-quality reasons. The program was completed in 1995 and it is now maintained by 38 painters who touch up the paintwork where it becomes riously eroded.
5.Influence霍普金斯医学院
5.1Suicide: The Golden Gate Bridge is the most popular place to commit suicide in the
entire world. The deck is approximately 245 feet (75 m) above the water. After a fall of approximately four conds, jumpers hit the water at some 76 miles per hour (122 km/h).
同在阳光下At such a speed water has been determined to take on properties similar to concrete.
Becau of this, most jumpers die on their immediate contact with the water. The few who survive the initial impact generally drown or die of hypothermia in the cold water.
5.2Symbol: The Golden Gate Bridge is a symbol of San Francisco's majestic majestic
momentum, attracting countless visitors.
5.3Films: X-MEN, Fantastic 4, I am Legend and etc.
5.4Torch relay: The torch relay get through the Golden Gate Bridge in 2008 Beijing
看的近义词是什么Olympic Games. The meaning of life, to be fortitude.
6.Current issues
6.1Economics: The last of the construction bonds were retired in 1971, with $35 million in
principal and nearly $39 million in interest raid entirely from bridge tolls .In November 2006, the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District recommended a corporate sponsorship program for the bridge to address its operating deficit, projected at $80 million over five years. The District promid that the proposal, which it called a "partnership program", would not include changing the name of the bridge or placing advertising on the bridge itlf. In October 2007, the Board unanimously voted to discontinue the proposal and ek additional revenue through other means, most likely a toll increa. On 2 September 2008, the auto cash toll for all southbound motor vehicles was raid from $5 to $6, and the FasTrak toll was incread from $4 to $5. Bicycle, pedestrian, and northbound motor vehicle traffic remain toll free. For vehicles with more than two axles, the toll rate is $2.50 per axle. In an effort to save $19.2 million over the following 10 years, the Golden Gate District voted in January 2011 to eliminate all toll takers by 2012 and strictly u open road tolling only.
6.2Wind: Air show over Golden Gate Bridge. Since its completion, the Golden Gate Bridge
has been clod due to weather conditions only three times: on 1 December 1951, becau of gusts of 69 mph (111 km/h); on 23 December 1982, becau of winds of 70 mph (113 km/h); and on 3 December 1983, becau of wind gusts of 75 mph (121 km/h).
6.3Seismic retrofit: Modern knowledge of the effect of earthquakes on structures led to
a program to retrofit the Golden Gate to better resist ismic events. The proximity of the
bridge to the San Andreas Fault places it at risk for a significant earthquake. Once thought to have been able to withstand any magnitude of foreeable earthquake, the bridge was actually vulnerable to complete structural failure (i.e., collap) triggered by the failure of supports on the 320-foot (98 m) arch over Fort Point.A $392 million program was initiated to improve the structure's ability to withstand such an event with only minimal (repairable) damage. The retrofit's planned completion date is 2012.
6.4Doyle drive replacement project:The elevated approach to the Golden Gate
Bridge through the San Francisco Presidio is popularly known as Doyle Drive, dating back to 1933, was named after Frank P. Doyle, director of the California State Automobile Association. The highway carries approximately 91,000 vehicles each weekday between downtown San Francisco and suburban Marin County. However, the road has been deemed "vulnerable to earthquake damage", has a problematic 4-lane design, and lacks shoulders. For the reasons, a San Francisco County Transportation Authority study recommended that the current outdated structure be replaced
with a more modern, efficient, and multimodal transportation structure. Construction on the $1 billion replacement, known as the Presidio Parkway, began in December 2009and is expected to be completed in 2013.
7.Summary:Golden Gate Bridge is one of the world-famous bridge, a bridge project
as a modern miracle. It is located in California, on the Golden Gate Strait. The bridge at either end of a 1124 feet high steel tower, steel tower above the water surface of 746 feet for some, which is equivalent to 70-story building; two steel tower between the two hanging with a diameter of 36.5 inches of steel cables, the bridge is With two steel cables hanging mid-air.Steel tower between the bridge span to 4200 feet, is one of the world's longest bridge span in one of the rare. Bridge opening 200 feet high, large ships can pass unimpeded.
Also be extended at both ends of the bridge to go out, the entire bridge to reach a total length of 6500 feet, and end the construction of the two auxiliary steel towers, the bridge so that the more magnificent. It is considered a symbol of San Francisco.
