Phonetics
1. The differences between consonants and vowels
Consonants are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the airflow in the cavity. However, a vowel is produced without such obstruction so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.
2. Manners of articulation
It refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air pass through certain part of vocal tracts. There are veral basic ways in which articulation can be accomplished: the articulators may clo off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period; they may narrow the space considerably; or they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.
(1). Stop: complete closure of the articulators involved so that the airstream cannot escape through the mouth. It is esntial to parate three phras in the production of a stop: (a) the closing pha, in which the articulators come together; (b)the compression phra, during which air is compresd behind the closure; (c)the relea phra, during which the articulators forming the obstruction come rapidly apart and the air is suddenly relead. In English, [p, b, t, d, k, g] are stops and [m, n, ŋ] are nasals.
(2) Fricative: clo approximation of two articulators so that the airstream is partially obstructed and turbulent airflow is produced. In English, [f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h] are fricatives.论文选题怎么选
(3)Approximant: an articulation in which one articulator is clo to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent 教学效果怎么写airstream is produced. The gap between the articulators is therefore larger than for a fricative and no turbulence is generated. I鸡皮鹤发n English, this class of sounds includes [w, r, j].
(4)Lateral: obstruction of the airstream at a pint along the center of the oral tract, with inc
omplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth. [l] is the only lateral in English.
(5)Trill: produced when an articulator is t vibrating by the airstream. A major trill sound is [r], as in red.
(6)Affricates: involving more than one of the manners of articulation in that they consist of a stop followed immediately afterwards by a fricative at the same place of articulation. In English, the “ch [ tʃ ]” of chee and the “j [dʒ]”of jet are both affricates.
3. Places of articulation
It refers to the point where in the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing or the abstraction of air. Practically, consonants may be produced at any place between the tips and the vocal folds.
(1)Bilabial: made with the two lips. In English, bilabial sounds include [p, b, m, w], as in pet, bet, met and wet.
(2)Labiodental: made with the lower lip and the upper front teeth. Labiodental sounds include [f, v], as in fire and five.
(3)Dental: made by the tongue tip and the upper front teeth. Only frictives [θ, ð] are dental sounds.
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(4)Alveolar: made with the tongue tip and the alveolar ridge. Sounds include [t, d, n, s, z, r, l] for English.
(5)Postalveolar: made with the tongue tip and the back of the alveolar ridge. Such sounds include [小青椒ʃ, ʒ,], as in ship and pleasure.
(6)Patatal: made with the front to the tongue and the hard palate. The only English sound made here is [j], as in yes and yet.
(7)Velar: made with the black of the tongue and the soft palate. Examples in English are velar stops [k, g], as in cat and get, and velar nasal [ŋ], as in sing.
(8)Glottal: made with the two pieces of vocal folds pushed towards each other. The only glottal is [h] in hat and head.
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4. Description of the consonants (必考)
[p] voiceless bilabial stop [b] voiced bilabial stop
[s] voiceless alveolar fricative [z] voiced alveolar fricative
家庭风波[m] bilabial nasal; [j] palatal approximant
[h] glottal fricative [l] alveolar lateral
5. Cardinal Vowels
The cardinal vowels are a t of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.
6. Three types of vowels
According to the quality of production, there are 3 types of vowels. The first one is monophthong, who quality of production is unchangeable movement; the cond one is diphthong, who quality of production is a single change movement; and the last one is triphthong, who quality of production is 2 change movements, such as 跆拳道精神tower /ˈtaʊə(r)/.
