新编简明英语语⾔学教程Unit2
PHONOLOGY
1.Phonetics定义：①Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is
梵钟concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.
②A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides
methods for their description, classification [p] bilabial, stop养尊处优的意思
2.分为哪⼏个Cavity?---Speech organs
①The pharyngeal cavity-the throat ②The oral cavity-the mouth ③The nasal cavity- the
no[m],[n],[?]
3.The speech organs: ①lips唇; ②teeth齿;③teeth ridge(alveolus)齿龈;④hard palate硬腭;
⑤soft palate（velum）软腭; ⑥uvula⼩⾆;⑦tip of tongue⾆尖; ⑧blade of tongue⾆⾯; ⑨
back of tongue⾆根; ⑩vocal cords声带; 11pharyngeal cavity咽部; 12 nasal cavity⿐腔
4.Broad transcription: ud in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purpos, without
diacritics.This is the transcription normally ud in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for clear[ pit ]
Narrow transcription: ud by phonetician for careful study, with diacritics.This is the transcription needed and ud by the phoneticians in their study of dark [ l ], aspirated [ p ]
5.P20
6.P21
The feature ‘unrounded ’ is usually omitted since all front vowels in English are unrounded. Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction of ten and lax vowels. 7. P22
Phonology studies the patterning of speech sounds, that is, the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages.
Phonetics & phonology 对⽐⾳位学和语⾳学
Both are concerned with the same aspect of language----the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus.
Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds ud in all human languages; it aims to answer questions like: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified, etc.
Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how the sounds are ud to convey meaning in linguistic communication. 8. P23
A phone ⾳素---- a phonetic unit or gment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning, some do, some don’t . e.g. /p/: [p h ] [p]
中国对哪些国家免签证
A phoneme ⾳位---- is a phonological unit; it is a unit of distinctive value; an abstract unit, not a partic
ular sound, but it is reprented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context. ?Allophones ⾳位变体---- the phones that can reprent a phoneme in different phonetic
[i:] [l] [?]
[e]
[?] [a]
[?]
[a:]
[u]
[u:] [??] [??] [?]好朋友图片
environments.
9.P24
Phonemic contrast⾳位对⽐----different or distinctive phonemes are in phonemic contrast.
地基基础
描写时间的成语Complementary distribution互补分布----allophones of the same phoneme are in
complementary distribution. They do not distinguish meaning. They occur in different phonetic contexts, e.g. dark [l] & clear [l], aspirated [p]
Minimal pair最⼩对⽴集----when two different forms are identical (the same) in every way
休息时间
except for one sound gment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair, e.g. beat, bit, bet, bat, boot, but, bait, bite, boat.
10.P25
Sequential rules ---- the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language,
< in English, ‘k,b,i, I’might possibly form blik, klib, bilk, kilb
If a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel.
If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination
should obey the following three rules, e.g. spring, strict, square, splendid, scream.
a) the first phoneme must be /s/,
b) the cond phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/,
c) the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w/.
10.. Supragmental features-超⾳段特征---the phonemic features that occur above the level of
the gments ( larger than phoneme)
11.P27
The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, e.g. a shift in stress in English may change the part of speech of a word.
好书介绍
Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phra consisting of
the same elements.复合词和名词词组之间的区别
Compound: ‘blackbird; ‘greenhou; ‘hotdog…
noun phra: black ‘bird; green ‘hou; hot ‘dog…
The meaning-distinctive role played by word stress is also manifested in the combinations of -ing forms and nouns: modifier：修饰语‘dining-room; ‘reading glass;
doer: ⾏为者swimming ‘fish; flying ‘plane…
Sentence stress----the relative force given to the components of a ntence.
12.P28
⾳调Tones are pitch variations,which are caud by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.
The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in what we call tone languages. English is not a tone language. Our mother tongue Chine is a typical a 妈(level) ma ⿇(the cond ri) ma 马(the third ri) ma 骂(the fourth fall)
