1 .An Introduction to Linguistics and language
1. What is Linguistics?
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It endeavors to answer the question--what is language and how is reprented in the mind? Linguists focus on describing and explaining language and are not concerned with the prescriptive rules of the language.
2. Basic criteria for doing Linguistics
♦1. Objectivity ♦2. Explicitness ♦3. Rigorousness ♦4. Adequacy
3. The Scope of Linguistics(1)
♦ General Linguistics: the study of language as a宫爆肉丁 whole
♦ Phonetics: the study of sounds in linguistic communication
♦ Phonology: the study of the sound patterns of language. It is concerned with how sounds are put初中周记200字 together and ud to convey meaning in communication.
♦ Morphology : the study of the way in which the symbols are arranged and combined to form words.
4. The Scope of Linguistics (2)
♦ : Syntax the study of ntence structure. It attempts to describe what is grammatical in a particular language in term of rules
♦ Semantics: the study of meaning.
♦ Pragmatics: the study of meaning in context
♦ Sociolinguistics: the study of social aspects of language and its relation with society.
♦ Psycholingustics:the study of language with relation to psychology
♦ Applied linguistics: the study of applications of linguistics.
5. Some distinctions in linguistics
♦ Prescriptive vs.descriptive
♦ Synchronic vs. diachronic
深沉
♦ Speech and writing
♦远见的意思 Langue and parole
♦ Competence and performance
♦ Traditional grammar and modern linguistics(linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive; modern linguistics regards spoken language as primary, not the written; modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in that it does not force language into a Latin-bad framework.)
6. What is language?
♦ Language is not an abstract construction of the learned, or of dictionary-makers, but is something arising out of the work, needs, ties, joys, affections, tastes, of long generations
of humanity, and has its bas broad and low, clo to the ground. ♦ Walt Whitman
7. The definition of language
♦Language is a system of arbitrary 英语代词有哪些vocal symbols ud for human communication
8. Design features (Properties)
♦ Arbitrariness: vast majority of linguistic expressions are arbitrary
♦ Productivity: creativity or open-endedness
♦ Duality: double articulation(sounds and meanings)
♦ Displacement: eg. Santa Claus, Superman, dragon
♦ Cultural transmission: meme, memics
♦ (Discreteness:the sounds ud in language are meaningfully distinct. Eg. pack, back)
9. Assignments
♦ Comment on the definition of language.
♦Summarize the design features of language.
♦What is your understanding of synchronic study of language
2.Chapter 2 Phonetics and立体字母 phonology
1. Phonetics: the sounds of language
Three branches of phonetics
Articulatory Phonetics发音语音学: the production of speech sounds.
Auditory Phonetics听觉语司春女神音学: the study of the perception of speech sounds
Acoustic Phonetics声学语音学: the study of the physical production and transmission of speech sounds.
2. Organs of speech: 1.The pharyngeal cavity喉腔 2.The oral cavity口腔 3.The nasal cavi
ty鼻腔
3. Two kinds of transcription
Broad transcription宽式标音: transcription with letter-symbols
Narrow transcription窄式标音: transcription with letter-symbols and the diacritics
4. Classification of English consonants
5. Classification of English vowels
6. Phonology : the sound patterns of language
Difference Phone, phoneme, allophone
Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, minimal pair
7. Phones, phonemes, and allophones
Phonology is the study of sound patterns of language( i.e. how sounds are arranged to form meaningful units) and the function of each sound. It reveals what are the possible combinations of sounds in a language and explains why certain words take the form they do.
8. Phone 音素
phone: the smallest perceptible discrete gment of sound in a stream of speech
i) phonetic unit ii) not distinctive of meaning iii) physical as heard or produced iv) marked with [ ]
9. Phoneme 音位
the minimal unit in the sound system of a language. With phonemes, we establish the patterns of organization within the infinitely large number of sounds. Each language can be shown to operate with a relatively small number of phonemes (15-80). No two languages have the same phonemic system.
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