语⾔学第⼆章作业
Unit 2 The Sounds of English
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or fal:
1 Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently
the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics
2. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.
3 sound(p)in the word “spit” is an inspirited stop
4. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.
5 super gmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units
larger than the gment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and ntence
6. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to e if substituting one
sound for another result in a change of meaning.
7 The airstream provided by the lungs has undergo a number of modification to acquire
the quality of a speech sound
8. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound gment
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which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.
9 Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do
not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce different word, but merely a different pronunciation
10. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.
11. Distinctive features of sound gments can be found running over a quence of
two or more phonemic gments.
12. [i:] and [i] are allophones of the same phoneme.
13. Not all English phonemes have allophones.
Note: /N/ and /j/ occur in one single position and therefore do not have allophones.
14. The same t of vowels is ud in all languages.
15. All syllables must contain at least one vowel.
Note: Some syllables may contain no vowels. They may, instead, employ some syllabic consonant, as in people and muscle.
16. The marking of word stress is arbitrary for the most part in English.
17. English is a tone language.
Note: Chine is a tone language.
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
1 When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the ntence rather than the word
in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.
2 A _________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the
sounds of speech
3 P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular在家怎么做面包
language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.
4 speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound.
There movements have an effect on the a__________ coming from the lungs
5 The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important
cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.
6 Consonant sounds can be either v ________ or v________, while all vowel sounds are
v__________
7 T_______ is pitch variations, which are caud by the differing rates of vibration
of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.
8 The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the t _________and the lips
9 Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of
Stress: word stress and s_________ stress. III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
10p ____________ is the smallest linguistic
III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
1 Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?
少数民族考研A [z] B[w] C[b] D[v]
2 Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.
A. mouth
B. lips
C. tongue
D. vocal cords
3 The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.
A. voiceless正值青春
B. voiced
C. vowel
D. consonantal
4 which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?
A [if:] B[u] C [e] D[i:]
5 __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.
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A. /z/
B. /d/
C. /k/
D./b/
6 The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature
of a quential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.
A. identical
B. same
C. exactly alike
D. similar
7 Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be
A. in phonemic contrast
B. in complementary distribution
C. the allophones
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D. minimal pair
8 Pitch variation is known as ________when its patterns are impod on ntences.
A intonation
B tone
C pronunciation
D voice
9 The sound /f/ is _________________.
A. voiced palatal affricate
B. voiced alveolar stop
C. voiceless velar fricative
D. voiceless labiodentals fricative
10 which branch of phonetics concern the production of speech sounds?
A caustic phonetics
B articulatory phonetics
C auditory phonetics
D neither of them
IV. Define the terms below:
1. Free variation
2. Allophone
3 International Phonetic Alphabet
4 intonation
5. sonority scale
6 phonemic contrast
7 minimal pair
8 rounded vowel
V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex amples for illustration if necessary:
1 what is stress in a word? For words of more than one syllable, how are they pronounced?
2 What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?
3. Illustrate with examples how supragmental features can affect meaning.
4. What does speech sounds for human being?
5 In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?
6. A phoneme can be further analyzed into a t of distinctive features. For example, /p/ is defined as compod of such distinctive features as
[plosive]+[bi-labial]+[breathed] becau each of them can distinguish /p/ from some other phonemes. However, the property of aspiration contained in the allophone [ph] does not distinguish meaning and therefore is not a distinctive feature in this ca.
ASK:
(1) What distinctive feature makes /f/ and /v/ different?
(2) Can you specify the distinctive features for the following phonemes?
(a) /F/ (b) /k/ (c) /n/
7. Some phonetic transcriptions below are English words, some are not existing words but are possible words or nonn words, and others are definitely “foreign” or impossible becau they violate English quential constraints. Specify each of the a-e cas as illustrated.
Word Possible Foreign Reason
Example:
[pa:k] park
[tif] √
[lkib] √ Initial [l] must precede a vowel.
贪心的意思a. [?a:f]
b. [ski:]
c.[knait]
d.[meij]
e.[blaft]
8. Collect some data to show that English advertiments, newspaper headlines, English songs, and presidential addre sometimes make u of alliteration and rhyming.
Unit 2 The Sounds of English
Answer:
I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or Fal:
1F 2F 3T 4F 5T 6T 7T 8F 9T 10 T 11 T 12F 13 T 14 T 15.F 16. F 17.
F 18. F
II.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
1 intonation 2articulatory 3 Phonology
4 airstream
5 oral 6voiced; voiceless;
voiced
7 tone 8 tongue 9 ntence
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III.There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement
1 B 2.C 3.A 4 B 5.B 6 D 7A 8A 9D 10 B
IV. Define the terms below:
1 free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of
meaning and can be ud freely all by themlves or in combination with oth e r morphemes.
2 allophone: The different phones which can reprent a phoneme in different phonetic
environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.
3 International phonetic alphabet: t is a standardized and internationally accepted system
of phonetic transcription.
4 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the ntence rather than
the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.
5 sonority scale:the sonority scale works in the combination of consonant .the degree
of sonority of different class of sound affects their possible positions in the syllable. vowels are the most sonorous ones and approximants, nasals and fricatives follow vowels. stops are the least sonorous ones
6phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes.
If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.
7 minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one
sound gment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.
8 rounded vowel: one of the criteria ud in the classification of vowels is the shape
of the lips. If a vowel is pronounced with the lips rounded, then the vowel in question is a rounded vowel
V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex amples for illustration if necessary:
1what is stress in a word? For words of more than one syllable, how are they pronounced?
Stress refers to the degree of force ud in producing a syllable, for words of more than one syllable, one is more stresd than the other .the more stresd syllable is the primary wile the less stresd syllable is known as the condary stress 2. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?
They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds ud in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they posss, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in language form patterns and how the sounds are ud to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
3 Illustrate with examples how supragmental features can affect meaning.
1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import and
import. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and
