Chapter 2：Phonology
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or Fal:
1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chine and English.
2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.
3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.
4. English is a tone language while Chine is not.
5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.
6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.
7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.
8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.
got什么意思9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.
10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raid the highest.
红楼梦封面11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.
12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.
13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into clo vowels, mi-clo vowels, mi-open vowels and open vowels.
14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.
15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.
16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.
17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to e if substituting one sound for another results in
a change of meaning.
18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound gment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.
19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.
20. Distinctive features of sound gments can be found running over a quence of two or more phonemic
gments.
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
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21． A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.
22．A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.
23．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds. 24．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.
25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.
26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly relead and the air passing out again is called a s________.
27．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the gments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.
28．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules. 29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.
30．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the ntence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.
31．P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.
32．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.
33．T_______ are pitch variations, which are caud by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.
34．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.
III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
35．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.
A. mouth
B. lips
C. tongue
D. vocal cords
36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.
A. voiceless
B. voiced
C. vowel
D. consonantal
37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.
A. /z/
B. /d/
C. /k/
D./b/
38．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a quential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.
A. identical
B. same
高一语文第一课C. exactly alike
D. similar
39．Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.单位委托书范本
A. in phonemic contrast
B. in complementary distribution
C. the allophones
D. minimal pair
40．The sound /f/ is _________________.
A. voiced palatal affricate
B. voiced alveolar stop
C. voiceless velar fricative
D. voiceless labiodental fricative
41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.
A. back
B. central
C. front
D. middle
42. Distinctive features can be found running over a quence of two or more phonemic gments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the gments are called ____________.
A. phonetic components
B. immediate constituents
C. supragmental features
D. mantic features
43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
A. phone
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B. sound
C. allophone
D. phoneme
44．The different phones which can reprent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.
A. phones
B. sounds
C. phonemes
D. allophones
Suggested answers to supplementary exercis
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or Fal:
l.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F
11.F 12.T 13.F 14.F 15.F 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. T
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
21. Aspiration 22.Articulatory 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25. place
26. stop 27. Supragmental 28. quential 29. narrow 30. intonation
31. Phonology 32. oral 33. Tone 34. ntence
III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
35.C 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.D 41.C 42.C 43.D 44.D
IV. Define the terms below:
45. phonology 46. phoneme 47.allophone中国十大照明品牌
48. international phonetic alphabet
49. intonation 50. phonetics 51. auditory phonetics
52. acoustic phonetics 53. phone 54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56. minimal pair
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V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:
57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?
58. What are the criteria that a linguist us in classifying vowels?
59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?
60. Illustrate with examples how supragmental features can affect meaning.
61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?
Suggested answers to supplementary exercis
IV. Define the terms below:
45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how the sounds are ud to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
46. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
47. allophone: The different phones which can reprent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.
48. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.
49. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the ntence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.
50. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages
51. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.
52. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the ph
ysical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.
53. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we u when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or gment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.
54. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.
55. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caud by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.
56. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound gment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.
V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary: 57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?
1) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.
2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information
