第9章语言与文学
9.1 复习笔记
本章要点：
1. Foregrounding; literal language and figurative language
前景化；字面语言和比喻语言
2. The language in poetry, fiction and drama
诗歌、小说和戏剧中的语言
3. The cognitive approach to literature
从认知角度研究文学
常考考点：
文体学概念；前景化；原语言和比喻语言；言语和思维的表达；了解诗歌、小说和戏剧语言的分析方法；掌握押韵和音步的概念以及正确辨别和不同的视角在小说作品中的运用
本章内容索引：
I. Stylistics
1. Definition
2. Literary Stylistics
(1) Foregrounding
(2) Literal language and Figurative Language II. The Language in Poetry
1. Sound patterning
2. Different forms of sound patterning
3. Metrical patterning
4. Conventional forms of meter and sound
5. The poetic functions of sound and meter
6. How to analyze poetry
III. The Language in Fiction
1. Fiction pro and points of view
(1) I-narrators
(2) Third-person narrators
(3) Schema-oriented language
(4) Given vs. New information
(5) Deixis
2. Speech and thought prentation
(1) Speech prentation
(2) Thought prentation
(3) Stream of consciousness writing
3. Pro style
(1) Authorial style
(2) Text style
4. How to analyze the language of fiction
IV. The Language in Drama
1. How to analyze drama
2. Analyzing dramatic language
V. The Cognitive Approach to Literature
1. Figure and Ground
2. Image Schemata
3. Cognitive Metaphor
做灯笼手工
I. Stylistics (文体学)
加的偏旁1. Definition (定义)
It is a branch of linguistics studies the features of situationally distinctive us (varieties) of language, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their u of language.
文体学作为语言学的分支，主要研究特殊语境中语言的特征(即语言的多样性)，并试图建立一些规则，以解释个体和社团在语言使用过程中的特殊选择。
2. Literary Stylistics (文学文体学)
The branch of linguistics that studies the relationship between language and literature is literary stylistics, which focus on the study of linguistic features
related to literary style.
文学文体学是研究语言与文学关系的学科，其研究焦点是与文学文体相关联的语言特征。
(1) Foregrounding (前景化)
Originally coming from visual arts and in contrast with backgrounding, the concept of foregrounding, a popular term in stylistics, was applied in literary studies by the Russian formalists, Prague School scholars, and modern stylisticians. It is defined as “artistically motivated deviation”. This deviation, or uncommon usage, involves all levels of language: vocabulary, sound, syntax, meaning, graphology, etc.
前景化的概念来源于视觉艺术，与“背景”一词相对应，已经成为文体学的常用术语。俄国形式主义语言学家、布拉格学派学者和现代文体学家都曾在文体研究中使用这一术语。它被定义为“以艺术手法为动机的偏离”。这种偏离，或非常规用法，覆盖了语言的所有层面；词汇、语音、句法、语义，笔迹等。
(2) Literal language and Figurative Language (字面语言和比喻语言)
Literal meaning is the first meaning for a word that a dictionary definition gives. The figurative u of language is a word or phra that departs from everyday literal language for the sake of comparison, emphasis, clarity or freshness.
Another word for the figurative u of language is trope, which refers to language applied in a figurative way for a rhetorical purpo. Tropes occur frequently in language u and there are many different forms of tropes.
【考点：指出句中包含的修辞方法】
Simile: A simile is a way of comparing one thing with another, of explaining
what one thing is like by showing how it is similar to another thing, and it explicitly signals itlf in a text, with the words as or like.
Metaphor: A metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements; but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.
Metonymy: It is a figure of speech in which one word is substituted for another on the basis of some material, causal or conceptual relation.
耽美经典小说
Synecdoche: It refers to using the name of part of an object to talk about the whole thing, and vice versa.
词典定义中所提供的一个词的第一个意义通常是它的字面意义。比喻语言是为了达到对比、强调、明确或标新的目的而使用的不同于日常常规语言的词句。
语言中表示比喻用法的另一个词是Trope (修辞、比喻)。它是指为了修辞目的而通过比喻途径来使用的语言。比喻在语言运用中频繁出现，并且采用许多不同形式。
贵开头的四字成语明喻：明喻是把一种事物和另一种事物作比较，并通过展现一种事物如何与另一事物相似来解释这种事物是什么样子的方法。它用as或like等词在文本中作为明确标志。
暗喻：像明喻一样，暗喻也是对两个并不相像的要素作出对比，这种对比是隐含的而不是直接表达的。
转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法。
提喻：提喻是用事物的一部分名称来指代整个事物，反之亦然。
II. The Language in Poetry (诗歌语言)
1. Sound patterning (语音模式)
【考点：指出两词的押韵模式】
Rhyme押韵
视频怎么消除声音
月子餐第一周食谱End rhyme (cVC) : rhyme at the end of lines.
尾韵：每行结尾的押韵。
2. Different forms of sound patterning不同形式的语音模式
质量保障措施Alliteration (Cvc): the initial consonants are identical in alliteration.
Assonance (cVc): describes syllables with a common vowel.
Consonance (cvC): syllables ending with the same consonants.
Rever rhyme (CVc): describes syllables sharing the vowel and initial consonants, rather than the vowel and the final consonant as is the ca in rhyme.
Pararhyme (CvC): where two syllables have the same initial and final consonants,but different vowels.
Repetition: the repetition of syllables.
体育节海报
头韵：在头韵里，句首的辅音是一致的。
准押韵：准押韵通过一个共同的元音来描述音节。
辅音韵：以相同辅音结尾的音节。
反韵：指音节拥有共同的元音和首辅音，而不是元音和末辅音押韵。
押副韵：当两个音节具有相同的首辅音和尾辅音。
反复：音节的重复。
3. Metrical patterning (韵律模式)
When stress is organized to form regular rhythm, the term ud for it is meter.
