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新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总

更新时间:2023-05-14 23:01:30 阅读：评论：0

新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总

1 Introduction

What is linguistics?

Scientific study of language.

Interpretation:

try to answer the basic questions and probe into various problems related to language;

linguistics studies not any particular language but language in general;

scientific study becau bad on systematic investigation of linguistic data.

The scope of linguistics

The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistic.

不相为谋的意思专业简历

phonetics	Study the sounds ud in linguistic study
phonology	How sounds put together and convey meaning
morphology	The way symbols reprenting sounds are arranged and combined to form words
syntax	Rules governing the combination of words
mantics	The study of meaning
pragmatics	Study the meaning in context
Above are major or core branches of linguistics; Following are linguistics link with other disciplines.
sociolinguistics		language and society
psycholinguistics		How infant acquire mother tongue,process information……（language and brain）
Applied linguistics		Applied to the recovery of language,language acquisition

Some important distinctions in linguistics

prescriptive	洪深 descriptive
麦克风没声音怎么设置Aims to lay down rules for “correct & standard”	Describe and analyze the language actually u(modern linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people u should be described and analyzed)
synchronic	diachronic
The description of a language at some point of time	The description of a language as it changes through time
Modern linguistics are most synchronic: Difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development; Synchronic description are often thought of as being descriptions of a language in its current existence.
speech 说明书英语	writing
Speech is prior to writing: writing system is always “invented”by the urs to record the speech when the need aris; 大年初二是几月几号speech plays a greater role in terms of amount of conveying information; speech is always the way native speaker acquire their mother tongue while writing is learn and taught in school; spoken language reveals more feature of human speech,which is authentic while written language is only the revid record of speech.
Langue 语言	Parole 言语
Abstract linguistic system; Relatively stable	The realization of language in actual u; Concrete; Vary from person to person & situation to situation
Propod by Swiss linguist Saussure in the early 20th century:parole is a mass of linguistic facts,to abstract langue from parole.
competence	performance
The ideal ur’s knowledge of the rules of his language	The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.布雷德索
propod by American linguist ,Similar to Saussure,what linguists should study is the ideal speaker’s competence,not the performance. Difference:Saussure took sociological view of language and hi s notion of langue is a matter of social convention;while Chomsky looks at psychological point and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.
Traditional grammar	Modern linguistics
Prescriptive; written language is primary; Force language into a Latin-bad framework;	Descriptive; Spoken language is primary; Trying to t up a universal framework
Modern linguistics begin from the publication of Sassure’s book cour in general linguistics

What is language

Definitions of language

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication.

Characteristics:

language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules;

language is arbitrary in the n that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for, A ro by any other name would smell as well;

language is vocal becau the primary medium for all language is sound;

language is human -specific,different from animal communication.

Design features of language

然而是什么意思

Propod by American linguist Charles Hockett:comparing the animal & human communi

cation are five major design features of human language:

arbitrariness

No logical connection between meaning and sounds(except onomatopoetic and compound words)

productivity

It makes to possible to construction and interpretation of new signal by its urs.

duality

Language is a system which consists of two structures. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless by the sounds can grouped or regrouped together into a larger numbers of units of meaning such as morpheme or words,which are found at the higher level of system(carp & park).Then the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite numbers of ntences;

Displacement

Language can be ud to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speakers;

cultural transmission

While human capacity for language has a genetic basis,the details of any language systems are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.(language is cultural transmitted[language not mutually intelligible] while animal call system is genetically transmitted)

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