Chapter 7 Language change语言变化
知识点：
1.*Definition: clipping; blend; acronym; back-formation
2.Morphological and syntactic change
3.*Vocabulary change
4.Some recent trends in language change
5.Caus of language change
考核目标：
识记：Definition: clipping; blend; acronym; back-formation
领会：Morphological and syntactic change; Vocabulary change
简单应用：Some recent trends in language change; Caus of language change
一、定义
1. Clipping略写词：A kind of abbreviation of otherwi longer words or phras. 指比较长的词或短语的缩写
2. Blending 混合法：A process of forming a new word by combining parts of two other words.
3. Acronym首字母缩略词 ：words derived from the initials of veral words通过组合每个词的首位字母构成新词地毯脏了怎么清洗
4. Back-formation 逆向构词法： new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word. 新词可以通过“去掉”现存的词的后缀而被创造出来
二、知识点
7.2 Phonological changes元音变化
One of the most obvious change in English is the systematic and regular change in the V
owel Change:
Old English古英语 | Modern English现代英语 |
[ā] (如在arm中) | [ ] |
stān | 白铁矿stone |
hām | home |
wrāt | wrote |
rād | rode |
| |
Around the death of Chaucer in 1400，元音开始了进一步的转变。中世纪英语的vowel元音经历了巨大的变化：p261中，p94英
7.3 Morphological and syntactic change形态和句法变化
7.3.1 Addition of affixes词缀增加
词汇的增加 borrowing 和word formation.
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The most obvious way in which modern English differs lexically from old English is the number of Borrowed words from other languages.
由于英语从法语中借入了诸如favourable和accomplishment一类的词使得
-able和 -ment加入到英语的形态系统中。
Grammaticalization: In addition to the borrowed affixes, some lexical forms became grammaticalized over time.
Fusion融合: refers to this type of grammaticalization in which word develop into affixes, either prefixes前缀 or suffixes.后缀
1）prefixes前缀 ：affix + ba
2）suffixes.后缀 ：ba + affix
Many of modern English suffixes are derived from early words by means of fusion. (p95英)
7.3.2 Loss of affixes词缀丢失 （p96英 e）
在古英语中， -bora通常加在名词的后边派生出一个表示相应动作的执行者的名词，但是在现代英语中这个派生后缀已经丢失，如：
mund ("protection") + bora mundbora ("protector")
派生规则丢失的另外一个例子是-yan的丢失。在古英语中，-yan加在形容词的后边派生出一个使役动词。在现代英语中，-yan已经消失。
古英语中有一套性标记系统。该系统把名词分为阳性词、阴性词和中性词。古英语中有一半以上名词具有格标记表示不同的格，但是在现代英语中，性和格标记的丢失已成为最为显著的形态丢失之一。
7.3.3 Change of word order规则的改变
古英语中有一个复杂的格标记系统，语法功能可以用格标记很好地揭示出来。格标记的存在使得古英语的词序比现代英语要灵活得多。例如，古英语的词序包括SVO,VSO, SOV 和
OSV， 而在现代英语中，由于绝大多数格标记的丢失使得句子必须遵从SVO这一基本词序。
Subject object verb
S O V
7.3.4 Change in negation rule否定规则的改变
英语句子结构方面的规则变化主要体现在词序上。在中古英语时期，“not”加在肯定句句末构成否定句。但在现代英语中， “not”危在旦夕的意思是加在主动词和助动词之间构成否定句，例如：
I deny it not.
I love thee not.
He saw you not.
In modern English, not must precede the main verb, and a do, marked for the proper ten, must be inrted:
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I love you. → I do not love you.
He saw you. → He did not e you.
7.4 Lexical and mantic change词汇和语义的变化
❀~7.4.1 Addition of new word新词的增加
1)coinage创新词：a new word can be coined outright to fit some purpo,mostly for new things and objects.是指创造新词。这些词多来自于产品的商标，如Hoover, Whiteout, Thermofax, Mace是商标名，在现代英语中已经成为普通英语单词：
To hoover a floor：用真空吸尘器吸地板上的灰尘
To white out a mistake：用白色涂改液涂改错误
To thermofax a material世界杯小组积分：用红外复印术复印材料
To mace demonstators：向游行示威者喷射梅斯毒气
2)clipped words略写法clipping refers to the abbreviation缩写 of longer words or phras.：它是指比较长的词或短语的缩写。例如（p98英）：
zoo (zoological garden)
gym (gymnasium)
copter (helicopter)
phone (telephone)
3) blending混合法：a blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words 它是通过组合其他词的某些部分而构成新词，例如（p99英）：
medicare( medical + care)
smog (smoke + fog)
comsat (communications + satellite)
brunch (breakfast + lunch)
4）acronymys首字母缩略法:长春冬季旅游攻略 words derived from the initials of veral words通过组合每个词的首位字母构成新词，例如（p99英）：
VIP (very important person)
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)
5）backformation逆向构词法：new words may be coined from already existing words by“subtracting减法”an affix thought to be part of the old word.新词可以通过“去掉”现存的词的后缀而被创造出来，e.g.（p100英）：
edit (由editor得出的一个错误设想，认为“or”是一个agentive suffix)
enthu（由enthusiasm得出）(derived from enthusiasm)
burgle (由burglar得出)
baby-sit (由baby-sitter得出)
to hawk (由hawker得出)
to butch(由butcher得出)
to beg(由beggar得出)
6）functional shift功能转换：words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes.单词可以不通过加入词缀就从一个词类转到另一个词类。e.g.（p100英）
7）borrowing借用：when differwnt cultures come into contact, words are often “borrowed”one language to another.the loan word may label a new concept, or it may replace or become a synonym of a native word.当不同的文化发生接触时，词就经常从一种语言“借到”另一种语言之中。外来词可以标记一个新的概念，或可以取代或成为本族词的同义词。e.g.P266-267中
