phonetics | Study the sounds ud in linguistic study | |
phonology | How sounds put together and convey meaning | |
morphology | The way symbols reprenting sounds are arranged and combined to form words | |
syntax | Rules governing the combination of words | |
| 我的家乡重庆 mantics | The study of meaning | |
pragmatics | Study the meaning in context | |
Above are major or core branches of linguistics; Following are linguistics link with other disciplines. | ||
sociolinguistics | language and society | |
psycholinguistics | How infant acquire mother tongue,process information……（language and brain） | |
Applied linguistics | Applied to the recovery of language,language acquisition | |
prescriptive | 芍药花几月份开花descriptive |
Aims to lay down rules for “correct & standard”; tell people what they should say or not | Describe and analyze the language actually u(modern linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people u should be described and analyzed) |
synchronic | diachronic |
The description of a language at some point of time | The description of a language as it changes through time |
Modern linguistics are most synchronic: Difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development; Synchronic description are often thought of as being descriptions of a language in its current existence. | |
speech | writing |
Speech is prior to writing: writing system is always “invented”by the urs to record the speech when the need aris; speech plays a greater role in terms of amount of conveying information; speech is always the way native speaker acquire their mother tongue while writing is learn and taught in school; spoken language reveals more feature of human speech,which is authentic while written language is only the revid record of speech. | |
Langue 语言 | Parole 言语 |
Abstract linguistic system; Relatively stable | The realization of language in actual u; Concrete; Vary from person to person & situation to situation |
Propod by Swiss linguist F.de Saussure in the early 20th century:parole is a mass of linguistic facts,to abstract langue from parole. | |
competence | performance |
The ideal ur’s knowledge of the rules of his language | The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. |
propod by American linguist N.Chomsky ,Similar to Saussure,what linguists should study is the ideal speaker’s competence,not the performance. 怎样安装路由器Difference:Saussure took sociological view of language and hi s notion of langue is a matter of social convention;while Chomsky looks at psychological point and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual. | |
Traditional grammar | Modern linguistics |
Prescriptive; written language is primary; Force language into a Latin-bad framework; | Descriptive; Spoken language is primary; Trying to t up a universal framework |
Modern linguistics begin from the publication of F.de Sassure’s book cour in general linguistics | |
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