戴炜栋《新编简明英语语⾔学教程》（第2版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（第7章语⾔变化——第9
第7章语⾔变化
7.1 复习笔记
本章要点：
1. Phonological Change
⾳系变化
2. Morphological and syntactic change
形态和句法变化
3. Lexical and mantic change
词汇和语义变化
疯狂的近义词本章考点：
新词的增加(创新词，缩略词，紧缩法，词⾸字母缩略词，逆构词法)；词义的变化(意义扩⼤，意义缩⼩，意义转换)。
本章内容索引：
I. Definition of historical linguistics
II. Phonological Change
III. Morphological and syntactic change
1. Addition of affixes
2. Loss of affixes
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3. Chang of word order
4. Chang in negation rule
IV. Lexical and mantic change
1. Addition of new words
(1) Coinage
(2) Clipped words
(3) Blending
(4) Acronyms
(5) Back-formation
(6) Functional shift
(7) Borrowing
2. Loss of words
3. Semantic Changes
(1) Semantic broadening
(2) Semantic Narrowing
(3) Semantic shift
V. Some recent trends
1. Moving towards greater informality
2. The influence of American English
3. The influence of science and technology
(1) Space travel
(2) Computer and internet language
(3) Ecology
VI. Caus of language change
I. Definition of historical linguistics（历史语⾔学的定义）
Historical linguistics, as a branch of linguistics, is mainly concerned with both the description and explanation of language changes that occurred over time.
历史语⾔学是语⾔学的⼀个分⽀，主要研究语⾔随着时间的变化⽽产⽣的变化与变化的原因。
II. Phonological Change（⾳系变化）
Sound changes tend to be systematic; it is possible to e a regular pattern of pronunciation changes throughout the history of the English language.
⾳系变化倾向于系统化；在整个英语语⾔的历史中，我们可能看到⼀个发⾳变化的规则模式。
III. Morphological and syntactic change（形态和句法变化）
1. Addition of affixes（前缀的增加）
In English many affixes are borrowed, e. g. the suffix –ment in French. Besides, some lexical forms became grammaticalized over time. In the ca where two words are frequently adjacent, over time they can become fud to form a single unit. Fusion refers to the type o gammaticalization in which words develop into affixes.
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英语中很多词缀是借⽤的，⽐如来⾃于法语的-ment。此外，还有⼀些词与形式会语法化。如果两个词语形式很相近，那么它们最终会变成⼀种形式。联合就是词语变成词缀的语法化形式。
2. Loss of affixes（词缀的消失）
Some affixes simply fade out of u for no apparent reasons. Some loss van be explained via sound changes. Many of earlier ca and gender markings are obliterated.
有些词缀的消失并没有明显的原因。⼀些则可以通过语⾳的变化来解释。很多古英语中的格或性的标志已经消失。
3. Change of word order（词序的变化）
Since ca markings are lost during the Middle English period, fixed
subject-object-verb order became the means of grammatical relation marking.
格标志的消失使主谓宾形式成为语法关系的主要形式。
4. Change in negation rule（否定规则的变化）
As late as the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries，one could merely add not at the end of an affirmative ntence to negate it, as in:面妆
I love thee not.
He saw you not.
In modern English, not must precede the main verb, and ado, marked for the proper ten, must be inrted:
I love you. —l do not love you
He saw you—He did not e you.
大行星直到15世纪和16 世纪，⼈们还可以在⼀个肯定句句尾加⼀个not来否定它，如：
I love thee not.
有理数的乘法教案He saw you not.
我眼中的保险
在现代英语中，not必须处于主动词之前，⽽且还必须插⼊标记适当时态的do：
I love you. — I do not love you.
He saw you. — He did not e you.
IV. Lexical and mantic change（词汇和语义变化）
【重点，考点：区分各个词汇变化⽅式】
1. Addition of new words（新词的增加）
(1) Coinage/invention（创新词）
A new word can be coined outright to fit some purpo, e. g. Walkman, Kodak, Xerox, Ford.
为达到某种⽬的可以直接创造新词。
(2) Clipped words（缩略词）
Clipping refers to the abbreviation of longer words or phras, e. g.
缩略是指⽐较长的词或短语的缩写。
gym——gymnasium
expo——exposition
memo——memorandum
disco——discotheque
(3) Blending（紧缩法）
A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words, e. g.
紧缩词是指通过组合其他词的某些部分⽽构成的词。
smog——smoke+fog
motel——motor+hotel
brunch——breakfast+lunch
人五(4) Acronyms（⾸字母缩略法）
Acronyms are words derived from the initials of veral words. e. g.
词⾸字母缩略词是指由⼏个词的⾸字母构成的词。
CBS—Columbia Broadcasting System
ISBN—International Standard Book Number
IT—information technology
(5) Back-formation（逆构词法）
New words may be coined from already existing words by “subtracting” an affix thought to be part of the old word. Such words are thus called back. Formation, e. g. to edit(derived from editor on the mistaken assumption that or was the agentive suffix); to hawk(derived from hawker).
新词也可以通过"去掉"⼀个被认为是旧词的⼀部分的词缀⽽被创造出来。这些词因⽽被称为逆构词。如：to edit (从editor得出的⼀个错误的设想，认为"or"是⼀个施事后缀)；to hawk (由hawker 得出)。
(6) Functional shift（功能转换法）
Words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes, e. g., noun—verb: to knee, to bug, to tap e.
