Chapter 5 转译法Conversion (1)
一、转译法Conversion：
A word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessarily to be turned into one of the same part of speech in another language.
二、使用usage
由于英汉表达方式不同，因此在翻译中有些句子不能按照原文逐词翻译，有些词在译文中需要转换词类，才能使汉语译文通顺自然。比如，英语和汉语相比，汉语中动词用得比较多，而英语句子往往只有一个谓语动词。例如：He admires the President’s stated decision to fight for the job.
他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。
以上句中，英语的谓语动词只有admires一个词，其他用的是过去分词(past participle) stated、动词派生名词(noun derived from the verb) decision、不定式(infinitive) to fight和前置词(preposition) for等。而汉语没有词形变化，但可以几个动词连用。因此，英语中有许多词类，尤其是名词、前置词、形容词、副词在英汉翻译时往往可以转换成动词。
又如：
The growing awareness by millions of Africans of their extremely poor and backward living conditions has prompted them to take resolute measures and create new ones.
原译：数以百万计的非洲人对于他们非常贫穷落后的生活条件的日益觉醒促使他们采取坚决的措施，创造新的生活条件。
改译：数以百万计的非洲人已逐渐意识到他们的生活状况异常贫穷落后，这就促使他们奋起采取坚决的措施创造新的生活条件。
Formality has always characterized their relationship.
他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。
The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.
她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。
The President had prepared meticulously for his journey.
总统为这次出访作了十分周密的准备。
三、词类的转译：
1.转译为动词：
1)n.---v.
由动词派生的名词：（在政论文体中出现比较多）
The turning point of my life was my decision to give up a promising business
career and study music.
我生活的转折点是我决定不做发迹有望的商人而专攻音乐。
Until 1972, all efforts by the two nations to curb the nucleararms race had
羊肉串腌制foundered on one point: U.S. insistence on the right to make on-site
inspections of the Soviet strategic arnal and Russia’s refusal.
到1972年为止，美苏之间关于限制核军备竞赛的一切努力都在这一点上失败了：美国坚持有权视察苏方战略武器现场，而苏联则拒绝这样做。
Rockets have found application for the exploration of the univer.
火箭已经用来探索宇宙。
●含有动作意味的名词：
As the week drew to a clo, the enemy rout was complete.
一周快结束时，敌人彻底溃退了。
单元作文The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.
看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。
A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.
从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。
●动名词：
体温低于36度
One of our ways for getting heat is burning fuels.
我们获得热的一种方式是燃烧燃料。
Heating water does not change its chemical composition.
把水加热不会改变水的化学成分。
The flowing of current first in one direction and then in another makes an alternating current.
电流先向一个方向流动，然后又向另一个方向流动构成交流电。
●加后缀-er的名词，如teacher, thinker。有时这些词在句中并不指其职
业和身份，而含有较强的动作意味。在汉语里没有恰当的对应名词的时候，往往可以译成动词。
I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I .
我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。
Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doings.
在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年青人过去所干的坏事。
Although he was always the “background” briefer on foreign policy issues, he could never by identified as anything other than “a White Hou official” or “a high Administration source.”
虽然外交问题的“背景情况”总是由他介绍，但他仍只能称为是“一位白宫官员”或“一位政府高级人士”。（briefer在这里是“汇报者”的意
思。）
注意：
✓She is a well-known singer. 歌唱家
✓Some of my class-mates are good singers.我们班同学中有些人唱歌唱得很好。
●作为习语主体的名词，如to have a look at, to have a rest中的look和
rest。
They took a final look at Iron Mike, still intact in the darkness.
他们最后看了铁麦克一眼——它依然安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。
The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration.
党支部成立条件下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到游行。
A great cloud ro from the ground and followed the trail of the great sun.
At first it was a giant column, which soon took the shape of a supramundane mushroom. For a fleeting instant it took the form of the Statue of Liberty magnified many times.
一朵庞大的烟云随着一轮巨日从地面升起。它起初是个巨大的圆株，很快形成了凌云驾空（supramundane超越现世的）的大蘑菇，一瞬间又变成了一座扩大了许多倍的自由神像。
2)prep.----v.
白芸豆的做法大全
英语中前置词用得相当多，其中有些没有动作意味，仅表示时间、地点，这些词汉译时往往可以省略；但是还有许多含有动作意味的前置词，如across, past, toward等等，汉译时可以译成动词。例如：
Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.
党的干部吃简陋的饮食，住寒冷的窑洞，靠微弱的灯光，长时间地工作。
The computer is of high nsibility.
这台计算机具有很高的灵敏度。
Machine parts of irregular shape can be washed very clean by ultrasonics.
用超声波能把形状不规则的机件洗得很干净。
3)adj.---v.
英语中表示知觉(consciousness)、情感(feeling)、欲望(desire)等心理状态的形容词，在联系动词后作表语时，往往可转译成汉语动词。这类形容词包括：content, confident, certain, careful, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious, grateful, able, familiar等。例如：
If we were ignorant of the structure of the atom, it would be impossible for us to study nuclear physics.
如果我们不知道原子的结构，我们就不可能研究核子物理学。
The fact that she was able to nd a message was a hint. But I had to be
cautious.
她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我必须小心谨慎。
They are quite content with the data obtained from the experiment.
他们十分满足于实验中获得的数据。
4)adv.---v.
英语中有些副词用作表语或宾语补足语，往往译作汉语中的动词。例如：
As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on.
他跑出去时，忘记了穿鞋子。
Have the oiling of the parts through before the machine is operated.
在开动机器之前，要把部件的上油工作做完。
After careful investigation they found the design behind.
经过仔细研究后，他们发现这个设计落后了。
2.转译为名词：
1)名词派生的动词：
英语中许多名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不
易找到相应的动词，这时可以将其转译成汉语动词。例如：
●名词派生的动词：
The development of scientific rearch in China is characterized by the
integration of theory with practice.
中国科学研究发展的特点是理论联系实际。
As the war progresd, he would symbolize their frustrations, the
embodiment of all evils.
随着战争的进行，他成了他们受挫的象征，成了一切坏事的化身。
To them, he personified the absolute power.
在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。
●名词转用的动词：
In the early dawn, the guard towers were silhouetted against the sky.
黎明时，天空映出了嘹望塔的轮廓。
Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth’s
atmosphere after completing their missions.
美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，在大气层中
焚毁。
Some of them were already planning to staff a Humphrey Administration
in the event the Democratic candidate won an election.
他们中间有些人，已经在为民主党候选人一旦获胜后的汉弗莱政府
计划人事安排。潮目
2)被动式句子中的动词，可以译成“受（遭）到……+名词”、“予（加）以
+名词”这类结构。
灰心丧气的近义词Snow was treated very shabbily by the U.S. press and officialdom during this
period, victimized for his views.
在这期间，斯诺受到了美国新闻界和政界极不公正的对待，由于他的观
点，他受到了迫害。
Throw a tennis ball on the floor. The ball bounces back. In the same way,
when light falls on certain things it bounces back. When this happens, the
董卓戏貂蝉light is said to be reflected.
将网球扔到地板上，球会弹回来。同样，光照到某些物体上时也会弹回
来。这种情况叫做光受到反射。
Satellites, however, must be cloly watched, for they are constantly being
tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the sun, moon and earth.
由于经常受到太阳、月亮和地球引力的影响，卫星活动必须加以密切的
观察。
3)Adj.----n.:
●形容词加上定冠词表示一类人：
the sick病号, the poor阔人the old, the infirm, the ill, the very young
老、弱、病、幼者。
●其他：
He was eloquent and elegant-----but soft.
他有口才、有风度，但很软弱。
The Wilde family were religious.
王尔德全家都是虔诚的教徒。
They ere considered insincere.
他们被认为是伪君子。
3.转译为形容词：
1)形容词派生的名词：
The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.
她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。
The curity and the warmth of the destroyer’s sick bay were wonderful.
