Designation:D7459–08
Standard Practice for
Collection of Integrated Samples for the Speciation of Biomass(Biogenic)and Fossil-Derived Carbon Dioxide Emitted from Stationary Emissions Sources1
This standard is issued under thefixed designation D7459;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the ca of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parenthes indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(´)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1.Scope
1.1This practice defines specific procedures for the collec-tion of gas samples from stationary emission sources for subquent laboratory determination of the ratio of biomass (biogenic)carbon to total carbon(fossil derived carbon plus biomass or biogenic carbon)in accordance with D6866.
1.2This practice applies to stationary sources that burn municipal solid waste or a combination of fossil fuel(for example,coal,oil,natural gas)and biomass fuel(for example, wood,wood waste,paper,agricultural waste,biogas)in boil-ers,combustion turbines,incinerators,kilns,internal combus-tion engines and other combustion devices.
1.3This practice applies to the collection of integrated samples over periods from1hour to24hours,or longer. 1.4The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its u.It is the responsibility of the ur of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to u.
2.Referenced Documents
2.1ASTM Standards:2
D1356Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
D4840Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody Procedures
D6866Test Methods for Determining the Biobad Con-tent of Natural Range Materials Using Radiocarbon and Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry Analysis
2.2Federal Standards:3
40CFR60Appendix B,Performance Specification
40CFR60Appendix A,Reference Method
Uncertainties In Non-Proportional Sampling,Part75 Policy And Communication Efforts,EPA Contract No.
EP-W-07-064,Work Assignment No.0-8,Task No.6 (February15,2008–Draft)
3.Terminology
3.1Definitions—For additional definitions of terms ud in this practice,refer to Terminology D1356an
d Test Methods D6866.
3.2Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1biomass(biogenic)CO2,n—CO2recently removed from the atmosphere by plants,then returned to the atmosphere by combustion or biogenic decay.
3.2.1.1Discussion—Biomass CO2emitted from combus-tion devices is often referred to as“carbon-neutral CO2.”3.2.1.2Discussion—Biomass carbon contains the isotope radiocarbon(carbon-14)in measurable quantities.Radiocarbon is a radioactive isotope of the element carbon,carbon-14, having8neutrons,6protons,and6electrons making up13 10-12natural abundance of carbon on earth.It decays exponen-tially with a half-life of about5700years and as such is not measurable in fossil materials derived from petroleum,coal, natural gas or any other source more than about50,000years old.
3.2.2constant rate sampling,n—sampling conducted at a fixed sampling rate.
3.2.3Fossil CO2,n—CO2introduced into the atmosphere through the combustion or thermal dissociation of fossil materials.
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3.2.3.1Discussion—Fossil-derived CO2is void of radiocar-bon and consists entirely of the“stable carbon”isotopes carbon-13(having7neutrons,6protons,and6electrons) making up 1.2%natural abundance carbon on earth and
1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03on Ambient Atmospheres and Source Emissions.
Current edition approved Aug.1,2008.Published August2008.
2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or
contact ASTM Customer Service at For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk,DODSSP,Bldg.4, Section D,700Robbins Ave.,Philadelphia,PA19111-5098, www.dodssp.daps.mil.
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carbon-12(having6neutrons,6protons,and6electrons)and making up98.8%natural abundance carbon on earth.
3.2.4proportional sampling,n—sampling conducted such that the ratio of the sampling rate to stack gas velocity or volumetricflow rate is constant.
3.2.5speciation,n—identification of the biomass and fossil-derived CO2components within bulk air effluents.
3.2.6sub-sampling,n—the process of taking a reprenta-tive smaller amount of sample volume from a large bulk sample volume.防触电手抄报
4.Summary of Practice
4.1Reprentative gas samples are collected at a constant rate from stationary emission sources into portable containers for shipment to off-site analytical facilities performing D6866 analysis.
N OTE1—The complexity of the analytical method requires analysis to be performed off-site.
4.2If the variability of stack gas velocity or CO2concen-tration,or both,is beyond specified limits,proportional rate sampling may need to be ud.See Section8.
N OTE2—The majority of combustion sources are such that their operational conditions do not vary significantly and,hence,constant rate sampling would provide reprentative samples.However,there are some sources,for example,peaking units,who effluentflow rate(velocity)
and CO
愣次定律2concentrations vary considerably.In such cas,it is necessary to
sample proportionally.Guidelines are given on when proportional sam-pling is necessary.
5.Significance and U
5.1Greenhou gas are reported to be a major contributor to global warming.Since“biomass CO2”emitted from com-bustion devices reprents a net-zero carbon contribution to the atmosphere(that is,plants remove CO2from the atmosphere and subquent combustion returns it),it
does not contribute additional CO2to the atmosphere.The measurement of biom-ass(biogenic)CO2allows regulators and stationary source owners/operators to determine the ratio of fossil-derived CO2 and biomass CO2in developing control strategies and to meet federal,state,local and regional greenhou gas reporting requirements.
5.2The distinction of the two types of CO2hasfinancial, control and regulatory implications.
6.Apparatus
6.1Probe—Tubing of sufficient length,equipped with an in-stack or out-stackfilter to remove particulate matter.The probe may be made of any material that is inert to CO2and resistant to temperature at sampling conditions,for example, stainless steel,borosilicate glass,quartz,or polytetrafluoroet-hylene.Thefilter may be a plug of glass wool.Samples may also be taken at the exhaust of any extractive continuous emission monitoring system(CEMS)ud for monitoring pollutant or diluent concentrations,including both full extrac-tive and dilution sampling systems.
N OTE3—Samples may be collected using EPA Method3in conjunction with applicable US EPA reference test methods requiring Method5 sampling apparatus.
6.2Condenr—Air-cooled,water-cooled,or other con-denr to remove excess moisture that would interfere with the operation of the pump andflow meter.The condenr must not remove any CO2.The condenr may be omitted if the moisture concentrations are too low for condensation,for example,after dilution CEMS.
N OTE4—CO
2
is slightly soluble in water;its effect is estimated to be
less than about0.2%.Acid gas(for example,SO
2
,HCl)reduce the
solubility of CO
2
to a negligible level.In addition,since the method
involves ratios of biomass to fossil derived CO
2
,any solubility(if any)of
CO
2
in water does not affect the results.
6.3Valve—Needle valve,or equivalent,to adjust sampling flow rate.The valve may be omitted if a pump that samples at
a constant rate is ud.
6.4Pump—Leak-free diaphragm-type pump,or equivalent, to transport sample gas to theflexible bag.It may be necessary to install a small surge tank between the pump and rate meter to eliminate t
he pulsation effect of the diaphragm pump on the rotameter.
6.5Rate Meter—Rotameter,or equivalent rate meter,ca-pable of measuring sampleflow rate to within62.0%of the lectedflow rate.
6.6Sample Container—Air tight vesl that is compatible with the system design,which includesflexible bags,evacu-ated canisters such as Summa canisters,vacutainer,Tedlar bag, or syringes.
6.6.1The capacity of the sample container must be large enough to contain at least2cm3of CO2(sample container capacity(L)3%CO2310$2cm3)at the end of the sampling period.
6.6.2If sub-samples are ud for shipment to the laboratory, then determine the size of the sub-sample container such that it will contain at least2cm3of pure CO2.
6.7Flow Rate Indicator—Indicator that is proportional to stack gas velocity or volumetricflow rate.The following are acceptable indicators:Type S pitot tube(velocity pressure,as measured by manometer,transducer,etc.);ultrasonic,scintil-lation,thermal or other continuousflow devices;steam rates, boiler feed water,power generation(MW),process loads,fuel rates,or other proportional effluentflow equivalents.
N OTE5—In most combustion sources,moisture can be assumed to be constant;however,if moisture varies by more than610%moisture (absolute)from the average,record hourly moisture content values to determine the effect on the constant sample rate.Constant sampling rate is bad on the moisture content at stack conditions,while the actual sampling rate is determined on a dry basis.
N OTE6—If a pitot tube is ud,the determination of gas density is not needed.The square root of the velocity pressure should be ud in the calculations.
6.8Quality Assurance/Quality Control Equipment—As in-dicated in Section8.
郑国洞7.Procedure
7.1Set up the sampling train as shown in Fig.1or Fig.2.
7.2When using the Fig.1configuration,locate the tip of the sampling probe within or centrally located over the centroidal area of the duct or stack cross-ction or at least1meter in from the duct or stack wall.When using the Fig.2configura-tion,it is preferable to sample after the CO2monitor’s
intake.
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Ensure that the attachment of the CO 2sampling equipment does not interfere with the normal operation of the existing equipment by adding significant restriction or back pressure,or affecting the analyzer flow rate(s).
N OTE 7—When using EPA Method 3in conjunction with EPA Method 5sampling apparatus,an integrated multipoint sample taken at each sampling point is acceptable.
7.3If the flow indicator is a pitot tube,inrt the nsing portion of the pitot in an interference-free location next to the probe,for example,attaching the pitot to the probe with the nsor tip extending at least 5.1cm beyond the tip of the probe.7.4Record the sample location,time and date of the commencement of collection and the operator’s name on the container.During the sampling period,record the date and time,the sample flow rate (including temperature and pres-sure),and read
ings from the flow rate indicator at least at the following frequencies.
7.4.1$6hours sampling time —every hour
7.4.23,4,or 5hours sampling time —every 30minutes 7.4.32hours sampling time —every 20minutes 7.4.41hour sampling time —every 10minutes
7.5Sample at a constant rate within 610%of the initial reading.Record the %deviation from initial reading at each recording of sampling rate.
7.6Using the readings from the flow rate indicator (for example,pressure differential,steam rate,fuel rate),calculate the mean (µ)and standard deviation (s ).If 2s /µx 100(or two
times the relative standard deviation or 2RSD)#55%,the condition for constant rate sampling has been met;if not,then sampling must be conducted proportionally in accordance with 7.6.1through 7.6.3.
N OTE 8—The #55%(2RSD)specification was developed bad on electric utility coal-fired units where the %CO 2variation was #40%(2RSD).Under steady state conditions,the velocity or %CO 2variations from municipal solid waste or agricultural waste combustors are not expected to reach th
e levels,that is,55%for velocity or 40%for %CO 2.
7.6.1Record the initial sampling flow and pitot tube pres-sure differential (or other stack flow monitoring devices or flow rate indicator),and calculate the ratio.
7.6.2Maintain this ratio throughout the sampling period to within 610%of the initial ratio.
7.6.3Calculate the %deviation from the initial ratio as follows:
%Deviation ~each sampling period !5
S Sampling Period Ratio
Initial Ratio
–1D
3100(1)
7.7At the end of the sampling period,curely clo the
sample container and remove it from the apparatus.
7.8Prepare the sample for shipment to the analytical laboratory by one of the following procedures:
N OTE 9—The final sample must contain at least 2cm 3CO 2.In some cas,veral sub-sample containers may be required for analysis.
Several
FIG.1Sampling Train Configuration Using a
Probe
船舶载重线FIG.2Sampling Train Configuration After
CEMS
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sub-samples may be proportionately combined into a single sample container for analysis.The source may wish to retain veral back-up samples.
7.8.1Ship the sample container as is.
潮湿的近义词是什么7.8.2Transfer a sub-sample into a smaller container or proportionately combine multiple sub-samples.
7.9Document sample custody to ensure sample and data integrity in accordance with Guide D4840.
8.Quality Assurance and Quality Control
8.1Constant Sampling Rate Check—Calculate the percent deviation from the initial sampling rate.No value shall exceed 610%.If this limit is exceeded,invalidate the sample.
8.2Stack Flow Rate Variation—Calculate the average stack flow rate indicator and2RSD(twice the standard deviation relative to the average).The2RSD must be less than30%.
8.3Leak Checks—Conduct a leak check of the container as follows:
N OTE10—Since the analysis is bad on a ratio of14C/12C,leaking containers would not invalidate the sample.However,large leaks might po a problem by diluting the samples to the point where there is
insufficient CO
2to analyze;therefore containers indicating leaks should
not be ud.
8.3.1Perform the leak check before(mandatory)the test. Fill the container with gas,connect a water manometer,and pressurize the container to5to10cm H20.Allow to stand for 10minutes.Any displacement in the water manometer indi-cates a leak.
8.3.2An alternative leak check method forflexible bags is to pressurize the bag to5to10cm H20and allow to stand overnight.A deflated bag indicates a leak.
8.3.3Do not u any container that indicates a leak.
8.4Rate Meter Check—The rate meter needs no calibration. Ensure that it is clean and freeflowing.
9.Report
9.1Include the following information in the Field Sampling Report:
9.1.1Source Identification and Description
9.1.2Tester Information
9.1.3Sampling Point Description(Outlet of CEMS,Sample Probe,or Other)
9.1.4Sampling Data(Include pertinent data to substantiate results.)java毕业设计
9.1.4.1Sample Identification
9.1.4.2Dates,Start Time,End Time,Initial Sampling Rate 9.1.4.3Maximum Deviation of Sampling Rate from Initial 9.1.4.4Average Flow Rate(or Proportional Equivalent)and 2Relative Standard Deviation(2RSD)
9.1.4.5Sub-Sample V olume and Number of Sub-Samples Being Shipped
9.1.4.6Approximate Stack CO2Concentration(Dry Basis) 9.1.5QA/QC Data(From Most Recent Test)
9.1.5.1Leak Check
9.1.5.2Rate Meter Check:Cleanliness and Free Flowing (Non-sticking)
10.Keywords
10.1biomass;biomass(biogenic)CO2;carbon dioxide; emissions;fossil CO2;integrated;proportional;sampling; speciation
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