一、国外著名生态学家介绍
一、E．P．Odum
Eugene Pleasants Odum（哥哥）(1913～2002)，1913
相识非偶然
万灵药
年 9月17日生于美国新罕布什尔。1934年获美国北
卡罗来纳大学学士学位；1939年获伊利诺伊大学博士
学位。1937～1939年在北卡罗来纳大学任助教；
1939～1940年在纽约州埃德蒙·奈尔斯爱斯基摩人
保护区任生物学研究员。1940～1957年在佐治亚大学
先后任助教授、教授；并于1957年任该大学阿鲁尼
基金会动物学教授；1961年任该大学生态学研究所所
长。他主要研究生态系统生态学，他与其弟H. T. Odum 最早认识到把能流作为生态学原理的重要性，并使生态学与经济学结合起来，发展了人类生态学。此外，他在鸟类生态、脊椎动物种群以及河口、湿地生态学等方面，也有不少的研究。他是美国科学院院士，美国科学发展协会会员。1964～1965年被选为美国生态学会主席。1953 出版了经典著作《Fundamentals of Ecology 》（国内翻译为《生态学基础》），开创了“生态系统”研究的热潮，并一直是该领域的领物，对生态系统结构与功能、生态系统的演替、生态系统服务等生态学重要问题进行了深入的研究，提出了生物“冗余”概念，引起
世界范围的反响（见动植物板块的“生物的冗余“一帖）。1977 获得泰勒奖（Tyler Award ），1988获得瑞典科学院颁发的克拉夫奖（Craafort Prize。生态学的诺贝尔奖）。
二、H．T．Odum
Howard Thomas Odum（弟弟）(1924, Chapel Hill,
North Carolina–2002 Gainesville, Florida) 由
Howard Thomas Odum创立的能值理论与方法，在中国
的传播始于1990年Howard Thomas Odum的第二次访
华。在此期间，即1990年8月1日至1990年8月21
日他访问了台北、广州、北京和沈阳，并作了多个学
术报告，如"自组织与系统生态学"和"能值分析与环境
评价"等。从此以后，我国的广州、北京、南京和沈阳、
佛山等多座城市的大学和科研机构先后开展了10多
年的能值研究，能值理论应用于多个领域，包括国家、
省、市、自然保护区等生态经济系统的能值评估、农
业生态系统、城市生态系统、环境与资源、废水处理、
生态工程和工业的能值评价。用中文或英文发表关于
能值的学术论文60多篇，由霍华德.汤姆.奥德姆所著
的3本关于能值的书被翻译为中文，能值概念、理论和方法被10多部中文书刊引用，2本关于能值的中文专著已发表。能值分析的研究工作已得到国家自然科学基金资助，其中有些课题已结题，有些课题正在进行中。能值理论与方法已被许多中国生态学家所接受。
三、Haeckel
恩斯特·海因里希·菲利普·奥古斯特·海克尔（Ernst
Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel，1834年2月16
日－1919年8月9日）生于波茨坦卒于耶拿，德国生物
学家、博物学家、哲学家、艺术家，同时也是医生、教
授。海克尔将查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文的进化论引入德
国并在此基础上继续完善了人类的进化论理论。
海克尔本来的职务是医生，后来任比较解剖学的教授。
他是最早将心理学看作是生理学的一个分支的人之一。
他引入了一些今天在生物学中非常普遍的术语如生态
学、门等，他将政治学称为是“应用生物学”。他的一
些理论和主张后来被纳粹理论家利用，成为其种族主义
和社会达尔文主义的理由。海克尔也是优生学的先驱。
海克尔比较知名的文章主要是他的科普、嘲讽文章或者
他的游记，但他的学术文章今天依然可以提供新的启发。比如他1866年的《形态学大纲》是世界上第一部达尔文的进化论的教科书，在他的1874年的《人类学》中他使用比较解剖学的方法来探讨人从动物世界的进化和人的来源。他的三卷长的《系统发生学》至今很少有人读，这是一部从1894年到1896年发表的巨著，其中海克尔描述了他对整个动物世界的进化和亲属关系的认识。对生态学的贡献：第一次提出了生态学的概念。
四、Tansley
Sir Arthur George Tansley (15 August 1871 – 25 November 1955) was an English botanist and a pioneer in the science of ecology. Educated at University College London and Trinity College, Cambridge, Tansley taught at the institutions and at Oxford, where he rved as Sheridan Professor of Botany until his retirement in 1937. He
founded the New Phytologist in 1902 and rved as its editor until 1931. Tansley was a pioneer of the science of ecology in Britain, being heavily influenced by the work of Danish botanist Eugenius Warming, and introduced the concept of the ecosystem into biology. Tansley was a founding member of the first professional society of ecologists, the Central Committee for the Survey and Study of British Vegetation, which later organid the British Ecological Society, and rved as its first president and founding editor of the Journal of Ecology. Tansley also rved as the first chairman of the British Nature Conrvancy. Tansley was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 19
15, and was knighted in 1950. The New Phycologist publishes regular Tansley Reviews and awards a Tansley Medal, both named in his honour.
五、Warming
Johannes Eugenius Bülow Warming (3 November 1841 –2 April 1924), known as Eugen Warming, was a Danish botanist and a main founding figure of the scientific discipline of ecology.
Warming wrote the first textbook (1895) on plant ecology, taught
the first university cour in ecology and gave the concept its
meaning and content. ―If one individual can be singled out to be
honoured as the founder of ecology, Warming should gain
保荐precedence‖.
Warming wrote a number of textbooks on botany, plant geography
and ecology, which were translated to veral languages and were
immenly influential at their time and later. Most important were
Plantesamfund and Haandbog i den systematiske Botanik.
六、Raunkiear
Christen Christenn Raunkiær (29 March 1860 – 11 March 1938)
was a Danish botanist, who was a pioneer of plant ecology. He is
mainly remembered for his scheme of plant strategies to survive an
unfavourable ason ("life forms") and his demonstration that the
relative abundance of strategies in floras largely corresponded to the
Earth's climatic zones. This scheme, the Raunkiær system, is still
widely ud today and may be en as a precursor of modern plant
strategy schemes, e.g. J. Philip Grime's CSR system.
七、Tilman
G. David Tilman (born Titman,[1] on July 22, 1949) is a prominent American ecologist. He is Regents Professor and McKnight Presidential Chair in Ecology at the University of Minnesota, as well as an instructor in Conrvation Biology; Ecology, Evolution,
and Behavior; and Microbial Ecology. He is director of theCedar
Creek Ecosystem Science Rerve long-term ecological rearch
station. Tilman is also a professor at University of California, Santa
Barbara's Bren School of Environmental Science & Management.
He has been a Guggenheim Fellow, is a Fellow of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science and of theAmerican
Academy of Arts and Sciences, and is a member of the National
Academy of Science. In 2000 Tilman was designated the Most
Highly Cited Environmental Scientist of the Decade by Esntial
Science Indicators.
八、MacArthur
Robert Helmer MacArthur (April 7, 1930 – November 1, 1972) was a Canadian-born American ecologist who made a major impact on many areas of community and population ecology.
MacArthur was a professor at the University of Pennsylvania,
1958-65, and professor of biology at Princeton University,
心灵的桥梁1965-72. He played an important role in the development of
niche partitioning, and with E.O. Wilson he co-authored The
Theory of Island Biogeography, a work which changed the
field of biogeography, drove community ecology and led to
the development of modern landscape ecology. His emphasis on hypothesis testing helped change ecology from a primarily descriptive field into an experimental field, and drove the development
of theoretical ecology.At Princeton, MacArthur rved as the general editor of the ries Monographs in Population Biology, and helped to found the journal Theoretical Population Biology. He also wrote Geographical Ecology: Patterns in the Distribution of Species (1972). He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1969. Robert MacArthur died of renal cancer in 1972.
九、liebig（利比希）
利比希(Liebig，Justus von，1803—1873)德国化学家(Chemist，
Germany)。利比希的父亲是医药和化学药品商人，有些药品在
家里制造，因此他自幼就接触到化学。1820年在波恩大学学习，
1822年获哲学博士学位。同年到巴黎，听盖一吕萨克∞和杜隆
等化学家的讲演。在盖一吕萨克的实验室工作。1824年回到德
国，任吉森大学教授，创立了吉森实验室。这是世界上第一个
系统地进行化学训练的教学实验室，他是后来大多数化学家的
思想先师。吉森成为世界的化学中心达2O年之久，对19世纪后
半叶的德国成为化学强国地位起了重大作用。1842年当选为法
国科学院院士。他作过大量的有机化合物的分析，改进了分析
方法，测定出大批化合物的化学式，发现了同分异构现象。发
现并制得氯仿和氯醛：与好友韦勒。共同发现安息香基并提出基团理论；提出多元酸理论。他大力提倡用有机肥料来提高农作物收成。证明糖类可生成脂肪。还提出发酵原理。他和韦勒合编了《理论化学与应用化学词典》，他还创办了《化学和药物杂志》。他在生态学上贡献是提出了最小因子定律。
十、Shelford
Victor Ernest Shelford (September 22, 1877 – December 27, 1968) was an
American zoologist and animal ecologist who helped to establish ecology as a
distinct field of study. Shelford's early visits to V olo Bog in Northern Illinois
helped establish its ecological significance.[1] Volo Bog became the first
purcha of the Illinois Nature Conrvancy, with the help of the fund-raising
efforts of Cyrus Mark, the first president of the Illinois Nature Conrvancy
他在生态学上的贡献是提出了耐受性定律。
十一、Clements
Frederic Edward Clements (September 16, 1874 - July 26, 1945) was an American plant ecologist and pioneer in the study of vegetation succession.画家书法
Born in Lincoln, Nebraska, he studied botany at the University of Nebraska, graduating in 1894 and obtaining a doctorate in 1898. (One of his teachers was botanist Charles Besy, and he was a classmate of Willa Cather and Roscoe Pound.) While at the University of Nebraska, he met Edith Gertrude Schwartz (1874–1971), also a botanist and ecologist, and they were married in 1899.
In 1905 he was appointed full professor at the University of Nebraska, but left in 1907 to head the botany department at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis. From 1917 to 1941 he was
郑昭
employed as an ecologist at the Carnegie Institution of Washington in Washington, D.C., where he was able to carry out dedicated ecological rearch.
During winter he worked at rearch stations in Tucson, Arizona and Santa Barbara, California, while in the summer he performed fieldwork at the Carnegie's "Alpine Laboratory," a rearch station in Angel Canyon on the slopes of Pikes Peak, Colorado. During this time he worked alongside staff of the U.S. Soil Conrvation Service. In addition to his field investigations, he carried out experimental
儿童教育游戏work in the laboratory and greenhou, both at the Pikes Peak station and at Santa Barbara.
From his obrvations of the vegetation of Nebraska and the western United States, Clements developed one of the most influential theories of vegetation development. Vegetation cover does not reprent a permanent condition but gradually changes over time. Clements suggested that the development of vegetation can be understood as a quence of stages rembling the development of an individual organism. After a complete or partial disturbance, vegetation grows back (under ideal conditions) towards a mature "climax state," which describes the vegetation best suited to the local conditions. Though any actual instance of vegetation might follow the ideal quence towards climax, it can be interpreted in relation to that quence, as a deviation from it due to
non-ideal conditions.
Clements's climax theory of vegetation dominated plant ecology during the first decades of the twentieth century, though it was criticized significantly by ecologists Henry Gleason and Arthur Tansley early on, and by Robert Whittaker mid-century, and largely fell out of favor. However, significant Clementsian trends in ecology re-emerged towards the end of the twentieth century.
In addition to botany and ecology, his rearch interests covered the systematics of fungi. Clements
died in Santa Barbara in 1945.
十二、Simpson
略
十三、阿利
阿利（Warder ClydeAllee，1885—1955）他发现集群能提高动物
的存活能力，生态学中的阿利规律，就是说明过疏和过密对种群
都不利。1949年，以阿利为首的5个生态学家合编的《动物生态
学原理》的出版，标志着动物生态学已成熟为一门独立的学科，
该书所搜集的丰富资料，至今仍有参考价
值。
安徽中考作文
十四、Shannon
克劳德·艾尔伍德·香农（Claude Elwood Shannon ，1916年4月30日
—2001年2月26日）是美国数学家、信息论的创始人。1940年在麻省
理工学院获得硕士和博士学位，1941年进入贝尔实验室工作。香农提
出了信息熵的概念，为信息论和数字通信奠定了基础。主要论文有：
