非谓语动词
过去分词
与现在分词不同，过去分词表示被动的意义，表示已经完成和被动的动作。在表现形式上，过去分词形式只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形词尾加-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词形式没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。以do为例，其过去分词为done。
一、过去分词的句法功能
1. 无翼而飞作表语
过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。用作表语的过去分词大多来自及物动词，多表示“感到…”例如：
怎样成为网红The man looked quite _____________．(disappoint)
He is greatly _______________ by her refusal．(discourage)
已经形容词化了的过去分词大多可作表语，常见的有：accomplished，amazed，amud，astonished，broken，clod，completed，complicated， confud，crowded，devoted，disappointed，discouraged，drunk，excited，frightened，hurt，interested，lost，satisfied，surprid, worried等。
选择：As we joined the big crowd I got ____________ from my friends. (NMET 2001)
A. parated B. spared C. lost D. misd
2. 作小康轩官方网站定语
a) 前置定语的过去分词通常来自及物动词，带有被动意义和完成意义。例如：
We like skating in the _____lake in the winter．= We like skating in the lake which has been frozen in the winter．
How many__________ products have you got up to now? = How many products that have been finished have you got up to now?
来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置定语，能作这样用的仅限以下几个词，这时仅表示完成意义，不表示被动意义：
a __________ worker = a worker who has retired an ___________ prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped
a ___________ flower = a flower that has faded ____________ leaves= leaves that have fallen
the ________ sun = the sun that has just rin a ____________ student = a student who has returned
____________ treasure = treasure that has vanished
注意：boiling water the rising sun falling leaves developing countries
boiled water the rin sun fallen leaves developed countries
b)关于青蛙的谜语用作后置定语的过去分词通常也来自及物动词，表示被动意义和完成意义。这时相当于
一个定语从句。例如：
Things ________are better than things________．= Things which are en are better than things which are heard．
This is a book ______________ by a famous Chine writer.粿条汤
= This is a book which was written by a famous Chine writer.笔记本鼠标触摸板没反应
注意比较: 用build的正确形式填空
the hou ________________ next year
the hou ________________ now
the hou ________________last year
3. 作宾语补足语
a) e, hear, feel，find，think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词可以带过去分词作宾语补足语。
例如：
Tom found himlf ___________( involve) in an awkward situation．
I saw Tom __________(dress) like a beggar in the street．
Everybody thought the match _________(lose) until the last minute.
d) make, get, have, keep 等表示“致使”意义的动词可以带过去分词作宾语补足语。例如：
I have my clothes __________ (wash) every day.
Don't get your schedule ___________(change)；stay with us in the class．
He’s trying to make himlf _____________(understand).
Plea keep us _________(inform) of the latest price．
4. 作状语
用作状语的过去分词通常来自及物动词。过去分词用作状语时，修饰主句的谓语动词，意义上相当于状语从句，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致。例如：
1) Whenever ___________，she blushes．(作时间状语) = Whenever she is praid，she blushes．
2) ___________, we stand, ___________ we fall．(作条件状语)
= If we are united，we stand；If we are divided，we fall．
3) 我会变Written in great haste，this book is full of errors．(作原因状语)
= ________________________________, it is full of errors．
4) Mary was reading a love story，completely __________________ to the romantic life．(作伴随状语)
= Mary was reading a love story，and was completely lost to the romantic life.
5) Although _________ in Germany，John lives and works in U.S.A. (作让步状语)
= Although John was born in Germany，he lives and works in U.S.A.
注意： 分词作状语时，可以在前面加上unless, once, when, while, if, though, until, than等连词。如：
I won’t come _______________.如果不请，我就不来。
________________, water can turn to gas. 水加热，就会变成水蒸气。
_______________ what his name was, the boy didn’t answer. 被问及叫什么名字时，这男孩没有回答。
_____________ of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 虽然被告之危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。
二、过去分词独立主格结构
如果过去分词带有与句子主语不同的主语，这就构成了独立结构，也叫独立主格结构或垂悬结构，通常在句中起状语从句的作用，表示原因、时间、条件、方式或伴随状况。例如：
1) If all things are considered，her paper is of greater value than yours．
= _____________________，her paper is of greater value than yours．(条件状语)
2) After his homework had been done，Johan went out to play．
= ___________________，Johan went out to play. (时间状语)
3) He lay on the ground, __________________ (眼睛盯着)the stars in the sky.
4) He rushed into the room, ___________________．( 满脸是汗)
当独立结构表示伴随状况时，可变为由with引导的介词词组, 而表示否定意义的类似结构便可由without引导。例如上例可变为：
The girl was smiling sweetly with her long hair flowing in the breeze．
Without anyone noticing，I slipped out of the room．
He likes to sleep with the window clod. 他喜欢窗户关着睡觉。
