31个除了——的介词（连词）词语（如except,beyond,save）
这里只是罗列一下笔者所讲解、遇到并查证的31个【除了…】语义的介词（或连词）词语，至于比如but，except什么情形下后接to do, do, doing；except与except for的差异（何时用于句首、后接介词短语），but, except, except for, besides, in addition to等的使用差异，是另外更为细节的话题。
第一：例外、排除、减去，不包括 19个
bar，barring，beyond，but，but for，except，except for
excepting，with the exception of，excluding，
exclusive of，to the exclusion of
outside，outside of，save，save for，saving
short of，otherwi than（或no (never)…other than）
第二：附加、添加、补充 9个
among others, among other things/places
as well as，besides，in addition to
on top of，over and above，along with，together with，next to
第三：相当于except + besides 3个
apart from，aside from，other than
细化一下。
第一：例外、排除、减去，不包括19个
bar
《韦氏高阶英汉双解词典》第152页bar prep.词条
bar prep. Brit: except for; barring除…以外；不包括
They have lost every month, bar one.
除了一场比赛他们每场比赛都输了。
barring
《韦氏高阶英汉双解词典》第157页barring词条
barring: other than (someone or something): except除…之外
No one, barring the magician himlf, knows how the trick is done.
除了魔术师本人之外，没人知道这个戏法是怎么完成的。
beyond
《麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典》第178页beyond词条
beyond: ud in negative ntences to mean ‘except’（用于否定句）除…以外
I know nothing about him beyond the fact that he ud to work for the government.
除了知道他过去为政府工作外，我对他一无所知。
She had no income beyond what she could earn as a waitress.
除了当服务员挣的钱外，她没有其他收入。
but
but与否定词no one, none, nothing, nobody, nowhere连用；
but和不定代词或副词all, every, everybody, everything, anybody, anything, anywhere连用；
but与first, cond, next last等连用
but与动词do, does, did或can, could, have, will等词语nothing but连用，用不带to的不定式，而其他动词后则带to的动词不定式。
《剑桥高级英语语法》（第二版中文版）第188页Unit 91表达排除意义
but可以用作except (for)的意思，尤其在no, nobody和nothing等否定词之后：
Immediately after the operation he could e nothing but/except (for)/apart from vague shadows.
There was no way out but/except/apart from upwards, towards the light.
《柯林斯高级英语用法词典》第304页except词条but
在all或以every-或any-开头的词之后，可用but代替except。
The great ship capsized, carrying her Admiral and all but a handful of her crew to the bottom.
载着海军上将和大多数船员的那艘大船沉没到了海底。
It is no longer respectable to marry for anything but love.
为爱情之外的东西而结婚已经不再值得尊敬了。
but for （but for可以引导虚拟语气的“要不是”；也可表示“除了…之外”的陈述语义）
《英语语法大全》（伦道夫·夸克等著）第972页
否定的条件：but for
9.59 but for不是用来表示例外，而是表示“某种否定的条件”：
But for Gordon, we would have lost the match.
(“If it hadn’t been for Gordon., “If Gordon hadn’t played as he did…,”等)
《剑桥高级英语语法》（第二版中文版）第188页Unit 91表达排除意义
but for和except for意思不同，but for用来说明如果but for引导的事情没有发生，某件事可能会发生。
The country would now be lf-sufficient in food but for the drought last year.
(= if there hadn’t been the drought…)
But for the leg injury he suffered last year, he would probably have been picked for the national team by now. (= if he hadn’t injured his leg…)
但是，也有人以与but for同样的方式使用except for，特别是在非正式英语口语中：
I’d have got there on time except for the taxi being late.
（或…but for the taxi being late.）
Except for the problems with my computer, I would have got the book finished weeks ago.
（或But for the problems with my computer…）
except（不句首；可后接名词、代词、副词、介词短语、动词原形、动名词、从句）
except表示“把…除外（不包括）”，是指把except后面的人或物要排除在外。
《牛津英语用法指南》（第三版）第278页194 except和except for
except for一般用作名词短语前面
I’ve cleaned the hou except for the bathroom.
我已经把房子打扫了一遍，除了浴室意外地。
The garden was empty except for one small bird. 花园里空荡荡的，只有一只小鸟。
except (for)用在all，any前面
在all, any, every, no, everything, anybody, nowhere, nobody, whole这类概括性的词语后面，常常省略for。
I’ve cleaned all the rooms except (for) the bathroom.
我已经把所有的房间都打扫了一遍，除了浴室以外。
He ate everything on his plate except (for) the beans.
他把盒子里的东西都吃了，除了豆子以外。
Nobody came except (for) John and Mary. 除了约翰和玛丽以外，谁也没有来。
