1.Using first name is widespread.
2.Professionals are often called by last names, such as “Doctor Brown”.
3.A man is introduc ed to a woman first; a younger person to an elder person; a subordinate to a superior; a child to an adult; a newly-joined person to the members of the group, etc.
握手
1.—“Mrs. Fraud, This is my colleague, Mr. Howe.—Mrs. Golden, May I introduce/prent my friend Tim?”
2.Lasting time:3-5 condsMaintaining good eye contact during your handshake The older/ woman/ people with higher rank tends to hold out his/her hand first.
邀请
formal correspondence，亦称请柬；informal correspondence，即邀请信
Formal invitations should be hand-written or typed on double sheets of quality paper, and should be nt out two or more weeks before the occasion.
A married person invited, his/her spou should also be included.If young children in a family is to be invited, all the children’s first name should be listed.
1) X invites you to a reception (party, etc.) at (place) on (date) at (time).
2) You are warmly (cordially) invited to attend a reception (part) at (place) on (date) at (time).
3) X request (s) the pleasure of your company (the company of Mr. Y) at a reception (dinner, etc.) at (place) on (date) at (t ime).
1.Formal Invitation
Dr. and Mrs. Richard Wilbur request the pleasure of Mr. and Mrs. Ma rk Strand’s
company at dinner on Monday, July the twenty-cond at ten o’clock200Forest Avenue
2.Acceptance to a Formal Invitation
Mr. and Mrs. Mark Strand accept with pleasure Mr. and Mrs. Richard Wilbur’s
kind invitation to dinner On Thursday, July the Twenty-cond at eight o’clock
3.Decline to a Formal Invitation
Mr. and Mrs. Mark Strand regret that previous engagement prevents their accepting
Mr. and Mrs. Richard Wilb’s kind invitation to dinner on Thursday, July the twenty-cond
拜访1.To make an appointment in advance 2.To be punctual (being 15 minutes max later is acceptable, but not arriving earlier) 3.To remember to bring gifts 4.Being frank and direct when something will be offered by the host.
感谢信
Sample 1 (a bread and butter note)
Maureen, dear
I’m writing to say thank you for the pleasant weekend I spent at your lovely hou. I not only had a good time,but I enjoyed the wonderful food! Plea give my regards to your mother, Ivy, whocooked delicious meals for me. More hearty thanks to you and your family for inviting me.
Thank you again for your hospitality.
Yours Eunice
Dear Rice,
Thank you so much for the pretty crystal va you and Truman nt! It’s exact the style I want and one of the nicest gifts I have received on our anniversary. How considerate of you to lect it for us! Stephen nds thanks too; can you come soon and e how lovely the crystal va looks on our dining table?
Call me
礼物Very truly yours
Open the gift at the prence of the giver, showing your gratitude with words like “thank you”, “I really appreciate it”, “it’s so pretty” etc. Gifts should be reciprocated!
1.Arriving The lady follows the receptionist/hostess first and the men fall in behind.
2.Getting ated It is proper for the man to pull out the chair for your date or
some other lady to sit in.
3.Napkin unfold (not shake) your napkin and put it on your lap as soon as you
sit down.
If you excu yourlf from the table, looly fold the napkin and place it on
your chair. Meal finished, place it to the left or right of your plate. Don't
clean the cutlery or wipe your face with the napkin. Never u it to wipe your
no 4.Place tting
5.Cour Serving Order 1.Soupe and breakfast2.Salade 3.Main cour (meat)
4.Dert (coffee included)背朝上的拿叉/像拿铅笔内侧朝上
Slurping is never acceptable.(由内向外舀)
Eating Bread Break off a small piece of bread with your fingers. If you like butter, u the provided spoon to put a dollop on your bread plate. Butter your bun from the dollop.
Salad In the USA, salad is rved after the appetizer and before the main cour.In European countries, salad is rved following the main cour.
Knife in right hand, fork in left hand holding food. After a few bite-sized pieces of food are cut, place knife on edge of plate with blades facing in. Eat food by switching fork to right hand
Get rid of the pit. Transfer the pit from the fingers to the palm of the cupped hand. Place the pit on a small plate or in a paper napkin. Remove pits in stewed fruit with a spoon before eating.
6.Desrt Time Coffee spoon is ud to stir coffee. Don’t u it to drink coffee or mash cubic sugar. put coffee spoon on the tray while drinking the coffee. The right way to hold the coffee cup is to pinch it with your thumb and forefinger.
7.Leaving the Table 1.When excusing yourlf from the table, looly fold the napkin and place it on your chair. 2.Meal finished, place it to the left or right of your plate.
Leaving for a while Place the fork on the left and knife on the right, knife blade in and fork tines down, so that they cross over the center of the plate.
At the end of a meal Set the fork and knife parallel to each other, so they lie either horizontally acros
s the center of the plate or are on the diagonal, with the handles pointing to the right. The cutting edge of the knife blade should face toward the diner.
婚礼
Wedding customs and traditions eil and bouquet oneymoon Wear white arry flower he 3rd finger, left-handed wedding ring
Before a Wedding 1.Responding Promptly(RSVP date) 2.Be Punctual 15mins ea rly 3.Dress Etiquette 4.Sending Gifts
3 Female guest attire for daytime weddings A flirty floral dress with a hat. A skirt and blou or a sweater t. Strappy high-heeled sandals. A bright-colored suit in pastel blue, pink or sage green. Colors like black and navy are too business-like. Male guest attire for daytime weddings A neutral-colored linen suit in taupe or beige with a tie for summer. A wool suit in navy, black or charcoal pants for winter. Da rk dress pants, a sweater and tie under a blazer. A da rk or neutral suit with a turt leneck.
A dress shirt, tie and dress pants for casual weddings.
Guest attire for evening weddings
Men: A dark 3-piece suit. Tuxedos after 6 pm.
Ladies: A cocktail dress or dressy suit in dark color. An evening gown for the wedding invitation says Dress pants a nd a blou with a blazer or a dressy skirt suit for casual weddings.
black tie (formal wear: full dress or white tie/After Five; miformal evening wear: black tie/After 6 pm).
Attires that wedding guests shall not wear: White clothes. Black clothes to a daytime wedding. Jeans or printed t-shirts. Anything you would wear to a bar (including anything too xy or revealing).
Wedding Gifts Registry information (a list provided by the couple, of the things they need or desire) is discreetly spread by word of mouth or can be included as an inrt in a shower invitation. Small houhold appliances, fine china,gardening tools, camping equipment, money and gift certificates.
Sending time: On the East Coast Before the wedding or soon after the wedding But to bring cash gifts and gift certificates in elegant cards to the reception. In the Midwest on the wedding day (a gift table)
Receivers‘address: bride's （parents’）home couple-to-be’s new address (addresd to the bride).
white Tie
Men:
Tailcoat Formal trours, (with satin stripes on the left and right sides) which are never cuffed White pique bow tie White (black on some occasions) pique vest White pique-front shirt Cuff links and studs Black patent leather shoes Suspenders may also be worn
Ladies:
Ball gown– ballerina (to the ankle) or full-length (to the floor) Dancing shoes– formal pumps or sandal shoes Jewellery– earrings and necklace; rings and bracelets are optional. Gloves– if they are worn, should be opera length (evening gloves or opera gloves are a type of formal glove that reaches beyond the elbow). Stole or cloak Handbag– clutch style or small evening bag
Black Tie
men:
Tuxedo or dinner jacket Formal trours Formal shirt, which may have a wing collar and may
have a pleated, standard, or pique front (or may have a ruffled front) A bow tie or neck tie A waistcoat or vest (worn with either a bow tie or a long tie)Black patent leather shoes Cufflinks and studs Suspenders may also be worn
Ladies: Cocktail dress or dressy evening parates Dressy Jewellery
Wedding Guests Dos Stand when the bride enters, and remain standing until the officiant asks you to be ated.At the end of the ceremony, allow family members of the bride and groom exit first.Turn your cell phone on silent and let call go to voice mail. Introduce yourlf to everyone at your table at the reception, and make polite conversation.
Keep your children under control. Be prepared to pay for the damage possibly caud by your children.
Don’ts Chat or crack jokes in the church. Ri up frequently to take pictures. Pile your plate full, if a buffet is rved. Drink too much. Invite a date to escort to the wedding unless the words “and guest” appear next to your name on the envelope
5.Wedding Processional
The processional music starts The officiant, groom and best man enter by a side door after the mothers of the bride and groom are ated, and wait at the altar. Groomsmen enter by a side door. Bridesmaids follow the Groomsmen. They walk down aside aisle. The maid of honor follow the matron of honor. Then they walk down the aisle.
All the above-mentioned attendants stand at the front of the church facing the guests and lining up with the men on the right and women on the left and tallest to shortest with the shortest being farthest from the bride and groom. One flower girl walks in or two walk side by side, and take their places on the left side of the church next to the maid of the honor. One ring bearer walk a fter the flower girl, and take his place on the right side of the church next to the best man( They should walk down the aisle slowly and steadily)
Cue the music-- “Here Comes the Bride”! Everyone stand and turn to watch the bride and her father walk down the main aisle. Everyone remains standing until the father sits down
Protestant wedding processional:
The processional music starts. The mothers of the bride and groom, escorted to their ats by a brother of the bride or groom, or by another usher, are ated after all guests are ated. The officiant, groom and best man enter by a side door and wait at the altar. Groomsmen enter by aside door, or escort the bridesmaids. Bridesmaids Ring bearer and/or flower girl Maid or Matron of Honor The bride, escorted by her fathe r or other clo male family member or friend. The bride’s escort can remain standing at the front of the aisle, with her until the minister asks "Who gives this woman in marriage?" to which he responds "I do," or "Her
mother and I do.” (old fashioned and xist )Or the bride’s escort walks with the bride to the front of the aisle, and then takes his at in the front row.
Catholic wedding processional:
The priest, groom, and best man enter through a side door and wait at the altar. The groomsmen and bridesmaids walk down in pairs, starting with the two who will stand farthest from the bride and groom, and ending with the best man and maid of honor. The ring bearer and/or flower girl The bride and her father, or other clo family member. The bride walks on the left side. If the bride's escort is her father, he leads her to the front of the aisle, then takes his at next to the bride's mother.
Jewish wedding processional The Rabbi and/or canto Grandparents of the bride and groom ated in the 1st row Groomsmen, walking in pairs Best man The groom, who is escorted by his parents. Bridesmaids Maid or Matron of Honor Ring bearer and/or flower girl The bride, escorted by her parents
A wedding processional with a small bridal party
Groom takes his place at the front Best man enters Maid of Honor walks up aisle Ring Bearer Flower Girl Bride, with escort if she has one.(If it is possible, let the best man at the grandmothers and the groom at the mothers as part of their ent rances.) 葬礼
Paying a Visit Expressing Sympathy Offering Help Dressing Properly Viewing the Body mourning at the Funeral
1.stination Address: At home At the funeral home
Visiting period:Typically 15-30 minutes or so or follow your instincts as to how long to stay.
Purpo:Offering sympathy Offering assistance
2.When arriving : Introduce yourlf to the family Let them know how you are connected to their loved one. It is advisable for the colleagues of the decead who may attend calling hours together, not to descend on the bereaved all together.
I’m sorry (to hear of your loss). I always regard… (the decead) as a good friend. …(the decead) will be misd by every one. I’m sorry for your loss. Let me know if there is anything I can do to help. It is also Ok to share talks about the decead with the family.
Offering Help Thought gestures are invaluable Childcare Food gifts Picking up out-of-town relatives Transportation Running errands
Dressing Properly Strict Funeral Dress -- Black is the basic rule for funeral dress.
Women’s funeral dress attire: A black hat with very wide brim
For summer--A black suit or a plain black cocktail dress
For winter--Black sweater with black skirt or trours and clod back shoes
Men’s funeral dress attire:
Clo relatives--A black suit and white shirt with a plain black tie.
Other clo friends--All black attire (black turtle neck sweater and black suit or black shirt, black tie and black suit) including black socks and shoes. And avoid sneakers.
Don’ts: too bri ght color clothing, such as red,pink, electric blue or the like; T-shirt.
Viewing the Body-the time that the family and friends come to e the decead after they have been prepared by a funeral home. (reviewal, funeral visitation; a wake in the USA)
Address— The funeral parlour, a family home, or chapel.
Time— Prior to the actual funeral rvice.
For the family— A chance to say goodbye on a personal level and accept the reality of the death more easily.
For the friends— Not required, but not afraid to ask if you wish to.
Mourning at the Funeral
A memorial rvice, or a funeral
Address— A funeral home or church.
Time— A few days after the time of death.
Guests— Arriving ten or fifteen minutes in advance.
Pallbearers: people who a re special to the decead.
Delivering of the eulogy: by the friends, the family or the clergy in the way of saying, reading poems or even singing a song, which details happy memories and accomplishments.
Difference between funerals in different Religious denominations
For example, for Roman Catholic and Anglican. Eulogies: be prohibited or discouraged during this rvice . Coffin: be clod at the end of the wake and is not re-opened for the funeral rvice. But for other religions, the attendees of the memorial rvice are allowed to view the decedent’s body for the last time either immediately before the rvice begins, or at the very end of the rvice, immediate family followed by the decedent’s spou, parents and children, being the very last.
禁忌
Taboo Food
Amphibians and reptiles—Forbidden in Judaism and Islam. A delicacy in France, Portugal, China, Caribbean and parts of the USA and India.
Birds—According to the Old Testament of the Bible, the following are not to be eaten:
eagles, vultures, ospreys, and bats. In North America, urban pigeons are considered unfit for consumption. Eating swans is considered unacceptable in Europe and the Americas. Eating of the meat of crows and other scavengers(食腐动物）is thought to be repulsive as evidenced by the expression “eating crow”. In western culture, songbirds（燕雀）are regarded as backyard wildlife. Some migratory birds are protected by international treaty.
Deer/Reindeer— A popular in Alaska, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia and Canada.Squeamish about the idea of eating reindeer meat in the United Kingdom and Ireland (As to popular culture, reindeers are assistants to Father Christmas, while in the northern countries, there is “cows of the north” versi on).
Cats—Cats are unfit to be eaten in western culture. In the USA, any cat products are forbidden.
Veal—Concerning about inhumane treatment of the calves, people in Britain, Ireland, Canada and USA choo not to eat veal. Dogs—According to the anci ent Hindu scriptures, dog’s meat was regarded as the most unclean food, which was worthy only for the lowest of the castes.. Never treat people who keep dogs as pets with the meat of dogs.
Hors—A food taboo to most people in the UK, the US, and Australia (it supply is illegal sometimes). Lobster, dog and hor are forbidden in Judaism, Hinduism and some cts of Christianity. A delicacy in Scandinavia, parts of continental Europe and Ja pan. Incts—Be prevented from consuming as food in European cultures except for honey.
Many vegetarians avoid honey as they would any other animal product.
Living animals—Western culture forbids any portion that is cut from a live animal, which is en as barbarity. Live shrimp is an exception.
Offal—A traditional part of many European and Asian Cuisines.
People are squeamish about eating offal in Australia, Canada, and the USA, which are only fit for pet
food. Liver and intestines ud as natural sausage casings are exceptions in USA.
Rats and mice—Being considered unclean vermin, carrier of plague or pets, they are unfit for eating.
Snails—A delicacy in North Africa, France, and other mediterranean countries. Seen as disgusting in Britain, Ireland, and America. Vegetables—Many Germans will not eat Swede (Swedish turnip, rutabaga)
Alcohol—Some religions, such as Hinduism, Islam, Baptists and other Evangelical Christians, forbid or discourage the consumption of alcoholic beverages.
Blood—It is considered repulsive in most of the US. Britain and some other Commonwealth countries, “black pudding” or “blood pudding” is made from blood. Followers of Judaism and Islam are forbidden to drink blood or eat food made from blood.
Taboo Numbers
Six— An evil number in western culture, esp. in Christian world. 666 is associated with the beast, an antagonistic creature in the Bible. And it is a symbol for Satan or the Devil.
