英国最重要的10个建筑（英文）
The ten most important buildings in England
After the Battle of Waterloo, Britain changed to being a world power built on mechanisation, minerals and urbanisation. Hard, dirty, crowded places built the machines and manufactured the goods that gave Britain global dominance for around a century. The glorious buildings of the English countryside, the lanes, the villages and the cathedral clos became junior partners in a much harsher view of our national identity.
Danny Boyle’s inspired Olympics opening ceremony captured this perfectly. While our cathedrals are glorious, our country hous sublime, and our villages the most chocolatey of all chocolate boxes, what ts England apart is our mastery of industry. It is home to the earliest monuments of industrialisation, the first factories, warehous, railways, docks, power stations and much more. Half of my list of the most influential buildings are products of engineering and technology, and were all built in the space of 45 years.
The places have a sublime beauty all to themlves. Over the holiday, I pasd Sleaford Maltings, the incredible industrial complex that the Bass Brewery built in Lincolnshire. It is a heart-stopping sight but it is also derelict and in urgent need of a new u. The heritage crisis of the 21st century is the fate of our industrial past.
The 20th century saved the country hous, and we can celebrate that, but the effects of our long obssion with the countryside have been a neglect of our unique industrial heritage. Ditherington Flax Mill, one of my top 10, was rescued from collap by English Heritage in 2005 and is only now finding a new u. Another on my list — Liverpool Road Station, Manchester, the earliest surviving railway station in the world – faces the prospect of its original viaducts being demolished by Network Rail. This would never be contemplated if a line involved the demolition of part of Highclere Castle(where Downton Abbey is filmed). We need to accept that our unique contribution to the world was not cucumber sandwiches, however nice they are.
1.Westminster Abbey (c.960)
Coronation church and mausoleum, Westminster Abbey has been a royal foundation since the 960s, and money was lavished on it by successive monarchs.
Although only a few Saxon fragments survive, it was here that Edward the Confessor developed the style that we call Norman. It was also here that Henry III began his lavish Gothic rebuilding, a project that continued, after his death, for nearly three centuries. The nave today demonstrates the rich taste of English medieval monarchs and their masons, with large-scale sculptures and carved and painted heraldic shields. The abbey t the standard for aspiring builders for centuries.
2.Rievaulx Abbey, North Yorkshire (1147-67)
Rievaulx Abbey is England’s most beautiful ruin. Deliberately built in a remote valley by Cistercian monks, it was originally a virtually lf-sufficient community.
Like 839 other monasteries, friaries and nunneries, Rievaulx was suppresd by Henry VIII in the 1530s, but its remote position meant that much of its stonework still stands. It is
easy to forget what a big role monasteries played in medieval society, and the Cistercian hous of Yorkshire were responsible for developing a style of building with pointed arches that we call Gothic.
This spread to become the dominant architectural style of Britain for 300 years.
3.King’s Bench Walk, Temple, London (1677)
In James I’s London, a new type of hou was developed. It was then known as a ―row hou‖, but today we call it a terrace. The hous, built of brick from the 1620s, became the backbone of the city after the Great Fire of London.
Not many early examples survive unaltered, but the pattern developed in the 1670s became the blueprint for a huge proportion of urban housing even today. Uniform on the outside, but individualistically decorated within, in many ns they encapsulate the characters of the people who lived in them.
4.The Peckwater Quadrangle, Christ Church, Oxford (1707)
Although Inigo Jones and a small group of other architects in the 17th century had conceived buildings that were rigorously faithful to ancient Roman buildings, it was not until after 1700 that patrons and architects became obsd with designing buildings using the ancient orders of architecture precily. An early example of this was the courtyard built at Christ Church by Dean Aldrich in 1707-14 to hou rich undergraduates. The courtyard was a startling new look, and when the style was taken up by the circle of the royal court, it was adopted for hous, public buildings and churches everywhere.
5. Ditherington Flax Mill, Shrewsbury (1797)
During the late 18th century, British manufacturers revolutionid the production of cotton, using machinery powered by waterwheels. By 1800, there were 900 cotton mills employing 400,000 people. Vast new mills were built —but there was a problem. Brick and timber construction was vulnerable to fire, and many mills lit by oil or gas burnt down.
