【词条1】harm
【课文原句】... but Joe is a kind and simple man, who would rather die than e any harmcome to Pip.(Page 3, Lines 30-31)
【点拨】harm在此句中作名词,意为"伤害,损害",不与不定冠词连用,常与do, come, mean, cau等动词搭配。又如:
The drought did a lot of harm to the crops.
I meant no harm in encouraging him to climb the tree.
【拓展】
(1) harm还可以作及物动词,表示"损害,伤害"。例如:
Doctors say smoking harms our health.
She is such a kind girl that she would never harm anyone.
(2) 区分harm与hurt.
harm 意为"损害,伤害",既可表示有生命的也可表示无生命的东西受到伤害,指肉体或精神上的损害。例如:
He was afraid that his anger would harm the child.
His business was harmed for some reason. hurt意为"伤害",主要指有生命的物体受到肉体或精神上的伤害,强调其痛苦的后果。例如:
He hurt his leg when he fell from the ladder.
Of cour I didn’t want to hurt his feelings.
【词条2】abu
【课文原句】Oliver is abud by his new master. (Page 9)
【点拨】abu在此句中意为"辱骂,虐待"。又如:
When he was young, he was often abud by his stepmother.
It is unfair to abu the animals.
【拓展】
(1) abu作动词时还可表示"滥用"。例如:
She abud her position as major by giving jobs to her relatives.
He ruined his body by abusing drugs.
(2) abu还可用作名词,意为"滥用；虐待；恶习；辱骂"。例如:
He was arrested on charges of abu of power.
She suffered years of physical abu.
【词条3】reform
【课文原句】He pities Oliver, takes him home, and tries to reform him.( Page 9)
【点拨】reform在此句中意为"改造(行为),(使)改正,(使)悔改"。又如:
She thought she could reform him.
He has promid to reform himlf.
【拓展】
(1) reform作动词时还可表示"改革,改进,改良"的意思。例如:
Many people have made proposals to reform the curity system.
The law needs to be reformed.
(2) reform 还可用作名词,意为"改革,变革；改良,改善"。例如:
Our country decides to deepen the reform of educational system.
【短语1】have prejudice against
【课文原句】... and before long he develops the shortcomings of being shallow and havi
ng prejudice, even against this old companions.(Page 3, Lines 42-43)
【点拨】have prejudice against意为"对……有偏见",和be prejudiced against同义。例如:
Her parents have prejudice against her friend.
Teachers shouldn’t be prejudiced against any student at all.
【拓展】against在句中作介词,意为"对……",其他常见的用法有:
(1) 反对,违背。例如:She is forced to marry against her own will.
(2) 靠着,倚靠。例如:After a long walk, I felt tired and sat against a tree to have a rest.
(3) 衬托,以……为背景。例如:
The love story unfolds against a background of Tangshan earthquake.
【短语2】be bent on
【课文原句】Pip isbentonbecoming a gentleman and winning Estella’s love. (Page 3, Line 46)
【点拨】be bent on意为"下决心做某事",后接名词或动名词。又如:
The men are bent on digging the treasure in the mountain.
【拓展】表示"决定做某事、下决心做某事"的常用结构还有:decide to do sth.；be determined to do sth.；make up one’s mind to do sth.。例如:
He decided to make up a new story.
Determined to give up, we all felt relaxed.
You should make up your mind to enter a famous university.
英语否定句的类型和用法(一)
一、 常见否定句:由助动词加not或一些否定副词(如ldom, never, hardly, rarely, nowhere等)与谓语动词连用构成。例如:
I’m afraid that I can not attend your party this weekend.
I can hardly understand what he said just now.
二、否定祈使句和反意疑问句:分别由"Don’t 或Never + 动词原形"和"否定式+ 主语"所构成。例如:
Don’t give up trying even though it is difficult to learn English!
Never judge people by their appearance.
He speaks Spanish, doesn’t he?
另外,我们常用否定疑问句表示反问、惊讶、建议、赞叹等语气。例如:
Don’t you know the words’ meanings?
Aren’t you suppod to work hard?
二、 全部否定:由"否定主语(否定代词或no + 名词)+ 肯定谓语"所构成,常用的否定词有:no, not, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither, never等。例如:
Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.
None of them has ever been to Beijing.
【注意】"neither / nor + 助动词/ 情态动词+ 主语"结构常用来表达"某人也不……"的含义,这时候句子需要倒装。例如:Jim didn’t finish the task in time, neither / nor did I.
三、 部分否定(即不完全否定):通常由代词或副词如all, both, every, everybody, every day, everyone, many, everything, entirely, altogether, absolutely, completely, everywhere, always, often等与not搭配使用,意为"并非都是,不是每个都是"。例如:
Not all students can become a good monitor.
Not every picture can be displayed in the hall.
I don’t agree with that idea completely.
四、 双重否定句:同一个句子中出现两个否定词搭配构成,表示一种较强的肯定语气,常用结构有:
1.由"否定词+ without + 名词(动名词)"或"否定词+ unless + 句子"构成。例如:
He can not finish the task without the teacher’s help.
Don’t go to the island alone unless your mother goes there with you.
2. 由"否定词+ 含否定词缀(un-, in-, im-, dis-, non-, -less等)的词"构成。例如:
We now find it impossible not to carry it on to completion.
It is not uncommon for students to make spelling mistakes.3. 由"否定词+ 含有否定意义的词"构成双重否定。常用的含否定意义的词有deny, neglect, refu, forget, fail, ignore, miss, lack等。例如:
