独立主格结构（Absolute Construction /Independent Genitive）
独立结构又称独立主格结构，由主语(即名词或代词，必须采用主格形式，而非宾格或所有格形式)后接不定式、分词或being(可省略)加形容词／副词／介词短语／名词短语等构成。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。它在句中作状语，也可作补充说明。位置，可在句首，也可在句尾（有时句中，不常见），通常用逗号隔开，有时也用破折号分隔开。
独立主格结构由两部分组成，通常前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词（短语）或其他的一些词（短语）。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构一般在句中做状语（有时做同位语，不常见），该结构多用于书面语。
He guiding her, they stumbled through the street. 他引着他，两个人蹒跚地穿过那条街
Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground. 他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。
He, God willing, would be in the village before the cond next month. 他，如果情况允许，将于下月二日前来到这个村庄
We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。
The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。
More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。
She sat the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。
The sale usually takes place outside the hou, with the audience ated on benches, chairs or boxes.
There are two doors, one leading to the bedroom, the other (leading) to the kitchen. （作同位语）
<独立主格结构的功能>
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等，其作用实际上相当于相应的状语从句或并列句。如：
1) 表示时间
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
His homework done, Jim decided to go and e the play. =After his homework was done, Jim decided to go and e the play. 家庭作业完成之后，杰姆决定去看戏。
Greetings being over, they got down to business.寒暄几句之后，他们就谈起正事。
2） 表示条件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。
Everything taken into consideration, the plan Xiao Zhang put forward ems to be more workable.从各方面考虑一下，小张提出的计划似乎更可行。
All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off. =If all things are considered, the planned trip will have to be called off.
3） 表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
4） 表示伴随或方式状态情况（当独立主格结构表示伴随动作或方式状态时，其功能相当于并列句中的一个分句）
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)
A book in hand, the English teacher walked into the classroom.（=The English teacher walked into the classroom, and a book was in his hand.）
He lay on his back, his knees drawn up.他蜷着腿，仰面躺着。
The professor entered the lab, his students following him.那位教授走进实验室，学生们跟在后面。
<常见的独立主格结构类型>
1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系（主动）。如：
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn’t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
John being away, Harry had to do the work.由于约翰不在，哈里就得做这个工作。
Miss Yang being our English teacher, we'll have a happy time this term.杨小姐当我们的英语老师，本学期我们将会很愉快。
He sat in front of them, dresd in a plain, ill-fitting suit, never moving, his dusty face masking his age.他一动不动地坐在他们面前，穿着一套普通的、不合身的西服，他满面灰尘，让人看不出他的年龄。
2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系（被动）。如：
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glass broken (= Becau her glass were broken), she couldn’t e the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。
3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，可表将来，强调一次具体性的动作。如：
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.这是头两卷，第三卷下个月出版。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。
A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on. 许多官员尾随皇帝之后，有的拎着皇帝的衣袍，有的则给他整腰带等。
More time to be given, we will make full u of it.
4. 名词/主格代词+形容词（形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质或状态）。如：
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
So many people abnt, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
