斯特林发动机
斯特林发动机是一种闭循环活塞式热机，闭循环的意思是工作燃气一直保存在气缸内，而开循环则如内燃机和一些蒸气机需要与大气交换气体。斯特林发动机一般被归为外燃机。
切图以外的菱形驱动器测试配置斯特林发动机的设计：
* 粉红-热筒壁
* 深灰色-冷筒壁（与冷却进排气管在黄色）
* 暗绿色-热绝缘分开的两个汽缸结束
* 浅绿色-置换活塞
* 深蓝色-功率活塞
* 淡蓝色-曲柄连杆和飞轮
没有表明：热源和热汇。在此设计了置换活塞构造没有专门建造的再生。
介绍
斯特林发动机在热机中的效率目前是最高的，有时可以达到80%。
In the conversion of heat into mechanical work, the Stirling engine has the potential to achieve the hi
ghest efficiency of any heat engine. It can theoretically perform up to the full Carnot efficiency, although not yet in practice. The practical limitations include the non-ideal properties of the working gas, and material properties such as friction, thermal conductivity, tensile strength, creep, rupture strength, and melting point. The Stirling engine can run on any heat source, including chemical, solar, geothermal and nuclear. There are many possible implementations of the Stirling engine. Most fall into the category of reciprocating piston engine.
In contrast to internal combustion engines, Stirling engines have the potential to u renewable heat sources more easily, to be quieter, and to be more reliable with lower maintenance. They are preferred for applications that value the unique advantages, particularly if the the cost per unit energy generated ($/kWh) is more important than the capital cost per unit power ($/kW). On this basis, Stirling engines are cost competitive up to about 100 kW.[3]
Compared to an internal combustion engine of the same power rating, Stirling engines currently have a higher capital cost and are usually larger and heavier. Their lower maintenance requirements make the overall energy cost comparable. The thermal efficiency is also comparable (for small engines), ranging from 15%-30%.[3]For applications such as micro-CHP, a Stirling engine is often preferable to an internal combustion engine. Other applications include water pumping, space-bad
astronautics, and electrical generation from plentiful energy sources that are incompatible with the internal combustion engine, such as solar energy, and biomass such as agricultural waste and other waste such as domestic refu. Stirlings have also been ud as a marine engine in Swedish Gotland class submarines. [4]
However Stirlings are generally not price-competitive as an automobile engine, due to high cost per unit power, low power density and high material costs.
In recent years, the advantages of Stirling engines have become increasingly significant, given the ri in liquid fuel prices and concerns such as peak oil and climate change. Stirling engines address the issues by being very compatible with all renewable energy and fuel sources. The growing interests in Stirling technology have fostered the ongoing rearch and development of Stirling devices, and R&D breakthroughs have in turn incread interest in the technology.
If supplied with mechanical power, Stirlings can function in rever as a heat pump for heating or cooling. Experiments have been performed using wind power driving a Stirling cycle heat pump for domestic heating and air conditioning. In the late 1930s, the Philips Corporation of the Netherlands successfully utilized the Stirling cycle in cryogenic applications.[5]
Basic analysis is bad on the clod-form Schmidt analysis
{google翻译:}
斯特林发动机是一个封闭的循环蓄热式发动机，气体工质。“封闭循环”是指工作流体内永久的发动机。工作流体是气体推动活塞上。这种外部热发动机可以驱动任何热源。“再生”是指利用一个内部换热器称为'再生'这增加了发动机的热效率相比，类似的，但简单的热空气引擎。
斯特林循环的值得注意的是，其完善的理论效率；然而这还没有实现的理想仍然是一项巨大的工程挑战。然而，目前的设计，指出其效率高，操作安静和方便，他们可以利用什么否则将废热。斯特林发动机在目前激动人心的利益为核心的组成部分，国内热电联产（热电联产）单位，这可能产生重大影响全世界的能源消耗。[ 1 ] [ 2 ]
空军是一个许多可能的气体，可用于在一个斯特林发动机。所谓“热空气引擎”一般用来包含任何热空气引擎的工作液。热空气引擎可以使用任何一个几个不同的热力循环，包括布雷顿循环，爱立信斯特林循环或周期。
在斯特林发动机已用于小型低功耗应用了近两个世纪。斯特林发动机继续使用他们的能力提供机械或电力，加热或冷却的应用，热源和散热片可用。
斯特林发动机背景
Name
Though it had been suggested as early as 1884 that all clod cycle air engines should be generically called Stirling engines after the inventor of the first practical example, the idea found little favour and the various types on the market continued to be known by the name of their individual designer or manufacturer. Then, in the 1940s, the Philips company was arching for a suitable name for its version of the 'air' engine which by that time had already been tested with other gas. Rejecting many suggestions, including 'hot gas engine' ('gas engine' was already in general u for internal combustion engines running on gaous fuels) and 'external combustion engine' (did not differentiate between open and clod cycles), Philips eventually ttled on 'Stirling engine' in April 1945. General acceptance of the term followed a few years later.[8]
Early years
Illustration to Robert Stirling's 1816 patent application of the air engine design which later came to be known as the Stirling Engine.
The Stirling engine (or Stirling's air engine as it is was known at the time) was invented and patented by Reverend Dr. Robert Stirling in 1816.[9] It followed earlier attempts at making an air engine but was probably the first to be put to practical u when in 1818 an engine built by Stirling was employed pumping water in a quarry.[10] The main subject of Stirling's original patent was a heat exchanger which he called an "economir" for its enhancement of fuel economy
in a variety of applications. The patent also described in detail the employment of one form of the economir in his unique clod-cycle air engine design[11] in which application it is now generally known as a 'regenerator'. Subquent development by Robert Stirling and his brother James, an engineer, resulted in patents for various improved configurations of the original engine. Their pressurisation enhancement had by 1843 sufficiently incread power output enough to drive all the machinery at a Dundee iron foundry.[12]
As well as saving fuel, the inventors were motivated to create a safer alternative to the steam engines of the time,[13] who boilers frequently exploded causing many injuries and fatalities.[14][15] The need for Stirling engines to run at very high temperatures to maximize power and efficiency expod limitations in the materials of the day and the few engines that were built in tho early years suffered unacceptably frequent failures (albeit with far less disastrous conquences than a boiler explosion[16]) - for example, the Dundee foundry engine was replaced by a steam engine after three hot cylinder failures in four years.[17]
Later nineteenth century developments
Subquent to the failure of the Dundee foundry engine there is no record of the Stirling brothers ha
ving any further involvement with air engine development and the Stirling engine never again competed with steam as an industrial scale power source (steam boilers were becoming safer[18] and steam engines more efficient, thus prenting less of a target to rival prime movers). However, from about 1860 smaller engines of the Stirling/hot air type were produced in substantial numbers finding applications wherever a reliable source of low to medium power was required, such as raising water or providing air for church organs.[19] The generally operated at lower temperatures so as not to tax available materials, so were relatively inefficient. But their lling point was that, unlike a steam engine, they could be operated safely by anybody capable of managing a fire.[20] Several types remained in production beyond the end of the century, but apart from a few minor mechanical improvements the design of the Stirling engine in general stagnated during this period.[21]
Twentieth century revival
Philips MP1002CA Stirling generator of 1951
During the early part of the twentieth century the role of the Stirling engine as a "domestic motor"[22] was gradually usurped by the electric motor and small internal combustion engines until by the late 1
930s it was largely forgotten, only produced for toys and a few small ventilating fans.[23] At this time Philips was eking to expand sales of its radios into areas where electricity was unavailable and the supply of batteries uncertain. Philips’management decided that a low-power portable generator would facilitate such sales and tasked a group of engineers at the company's rearch lab (the Nat. Lab) in Eindhoven to evaluate alternatives.
After a systematic comparison of various prime movers the Stirling engine's quiet (both audibly and in terms of radio interference) operation and ability to run on a variety of heat sources (common lamp oil - "cheap and available everywhere" - was favoured), the team picked
Stirling.[24] They were also aware that, unlike steam and internal combustion engines, virtually no rious development work had been carried out on the Stirling engine for many years and asrted that modern materials and know-how should enable great improvements.[25]
Encouraged by their first experimental engine, which produced 16 watts of shaft power from a bore and stroke of 30x25mm,[26] Phillips began a development program. This work continued throughout World War II and by the late 1940s handed over the Type 10 to Philips’subsidiary Johan de Witt in Dordrecht to be ‘productionid’and incorporated into a generator t. The result, rated at 200 watts
from a bore and stroke of 55x27 mm, was designated MP1002CA (known as the 'Bungalow t'). Production of an initial batch of 250 began in 1951, but it became clear that they could not be made at a competitive price and the advent of transistor radios with their much lower power requirements meant that the original rationale for the t was disappearing. Approximately 150 of the ts were eventually produced.[27] Some found their way into university and college engineering departments around the world[28] giving generations of students a valuable introduction to the Stirling engine.
Philips went on to develop experimental Stirling engines for a wide variety of applications and continued to work in the field until the late 1970s, but only achieved commercial success with the 'reverd Stirling engine' cryocooler. They did however take out a large number of patents and amass a wealth of information which they licend to other companies and which formed the basis of much of the development work in the modern era.[29]
在将热变成机械功的转换上，史特林引擎在真实的热机中可达最高的热效率，至多80%，仅受工作气体和引擎材料的不理想性质限制，例如摩擦、热传导性、抗张强度、缓慢、熔点等。此引擎理论上可用任何足量的热源运行，包括太阳能、化学能和核能。
与内燃机相比，史特林引擎往往维修需求较低，更高效、更安静、而且更可靠。它们倾向被应用于某
些特殊用途以发扬其独特优点。特别是首要目标非减低每单位功率的投资成本(金钱/千瓦)，而是减低引擎产生每单位能量的成本(金钱/度)的时候。
在额定功率下，史特林引擎的投资成本目前比内燃机引擎高，而且通常更大更重，因此这引擎科技很少单独以此作为竞争基准。然而在一些用途上，适当的本益分析可令史特林引擎优于内燃机引擎。
近年来，鉴于能源成本普遍上涨，能源短缺和气候变迁之类的环境问题，史特林引擎的优点愈来愈显著。对史特林引擎科技提高兴趣促进了史特林装置的研发。其应用涵盖借由不相容于内燃机的丰富能源抽水、宇基太空航行、发电，像是太阳能、农业废料还有家庭垃圾。
另一个史特林引擎的潜力是，若供应机械功，它可以作为一种热泵。已有实验利用风能驱动史特林热泵作为家用冷暖空调。
斯特林发动机功能描述
Engine operation
Since the Stirling engine is a clod cycle, it contains a fixed mass of gas called the "working
