动词不定式（郭宝军编）
Ⅰ定义：在英语中小品词“to+V”叫动词不定式，有时不带to，也就是说有①带to不定式②不带to不定式。
Ⅱ不定式的基本结构形式：
主动式 被动式
一般式 to+V to be +Ved(过分)
进行式 to be +V-ing to have been +Ving(完成进行式)
完成式 to have +Ved to have been+Ved
Ⅲ 否定：在六种基本形式之前加not .
Ⅳ 不定式短语：
宾语
to +V 状语
宾语+状语
Ⅴ 不定式的独立主格结构：动词不定式在作状语时，要求逻辑主语和主句的主语一致，如果不一致，要添出自己的逻辑主语（逻辑主语+to +V）， 一起作状语，这种结构叫不定式的独立主格结构。
Ⅵ 不定式在句中可作的句子成分：
（主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾补、同位语、独立成分）
1 主语：
To e is to believe. 百闻不如一见。（眼见为实）
注意： 当代英语常用it 作为语法上的主语，即形式主语，将真正的主语不定式放在谓语之后
eg. It takes me 10 hours to finish the work..
2 表语：
eg. My duty is to teach English.
The important thing is to save lives. 救人要紧
The only thing I could do was to leave.
He emed to know the way. 他好象认识这条路。
3 宾语：
⑴ 不定式在句中可用作宾语；其逻辑主语同时也是全句的主语
①（谓语动词是及物动词Vt）
She likes to play with the child.
He wants to go home.
② 有时将真正的宾语放在宾补（形容词做宾补）之后，用形式宾语it放在宾补之前：
She found it difficult to answer the question.
She considers it (to be) his duty to help others.
⑵ 形容词后接不定式也叫宾语：
① 有不少形容词（包括已变成形容词的分词）可后接不定式，这种不定式也叫做宾语，这些形容词多是表思想感情的。
I am very glad to e you. (I’m glad that you have come here.宾语从句)
we are sorry to leave.
He was lucky to pass the exam.
He was always eager to win.
You are free to go home.
② 另外一些形容词后的不定式与全句的主语是动宾关系（to+V + 主语）。
Volleyball is very interesting to watch .
She’s very nice to talk to .
This problem is difficult to solve.
Is it fit to eat? 哪能吃？
注意：有些语法学家认为形容词后接的动词不定式是状语，表原因、方式等。
4 定语：通常都放在动词不定式（短语）所修饰的名词或代词之后
⑴ 逻辑上是主谓关系：
eg. The next train to arrive was from New York.
All dead.I was the only one to grow up.都死了，我是唯一长大成人的。
He was always the first to come and last to leave the office.
⑵ 逻辑上是动宾关系：
① 动词不定式里的动词是及物动词Vt
It was a game to remember.那是一场令人难忘的球赛。
He has many things to do.
I have nothing to say on this question.
② 有时不定式可以是“不定式+介词”结构，介词一般不可省略。
I need a pen to write with.
Give me some paper to write on.
⑶ 下面句中用作定语的“介词+whom/which +不定式”结构(实际上是动词不定式的特殊结构)
eg. She has a lot of people from whom to lect.
A notebook is a book in which to write notes.笔记本用来记笔记。
I must buy a hammer with which to nail down the box.
我必须买一把锤子钉箱子。
5 不定式用作同位语：
eg. He gave the order to start the attack.(to start the attack 是the order 的同位语)
He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up.
他照吩咐沿着一条街走，我在那里接他上了车。
注意：不定式用作同位语的不寻常位置：
The enemy came clo to the town and the order came to evacuate the people.
敌人离城市近了于是出现了疏散市民的命令。(to evacuate the people 是 the order 的同位语，
并进行了隔离，to evacuate the people 放在动词came之后，这是要使句子平衡的原因）。
※ 如何区分不定式（短语）做同位语还是定语：如果不定式（短语）和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，则是作定语；如果是解释或说明前面词则是同位语。
6 作状语：通常目的，结果，原因，表方面或方向，让步，条件
① 表目的的情况较多，逻辑主语是全句的主语
eg. I stayed there to e what would happen.
He will go to the clinic tomorrow to be examined by the doctor.
※ 1 在强调这种目的状语时，不定式前可加in order/so as .
eg. Many famers fertilize the crops in order to make them grow more quickly.
I’ll write down his telephone number so as not to forget it.
2 在强调这种目的状语时，也可将in order 加不定式置于句首。（so as to+V不可放于句首）
eg. In order to make a study of the kangaroo,he came to Australia.
To cover my emotion,I buried my face in my hands.
② 表结果，逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语。
eg. He lived to be a very old man.他活得很长。
In 1935，he left home never to return.
What have I done to offend you? 我干什么惹你生气了？
注意：①so…as to…,②such…as to…，③enough to…，④only to…以及⑤too…to等结构中的不定式都表结果。
