延续性动词和非延续性动词
延续性动词和非延续性动词
1.延续性动词
延续性动词表示行为或过程能持久地继续下去或能产生持久的影响。这类动词有:contain,have,hold, lie,live,make,sit,rain,sleep,stand,study,wait, wear,work等。此外,表示状态、感情、思维等动词,如:believe,consider,hate,hope,know,like,love,respect,think,understand,wish等也属延续性动词。要表示状态和延续性动作时必须要用延续性动词。如:
错:This book has been put on the desk for a week.
对:This book has been lying on the desk for a week.
这本书已经在桌子上放一个星期了。
错:Men put on suits when they attend meetings.
对:Men wear suits when they attend meetings.
男人在开会的时候穿西装。
2.非延续性动词
非延续性动词表示行为或过程是短暂的或瞬时间完成的。这类动词有add,admit,answer,arrive,ask, attack,begin,break,bring,buy,catch,clo,come, die,discover,fall,do,leave,open,put on,ll, start,stay,stop,return,take off等。要表示非延续性动作时必须用非延续性动词,不可用延续性动词。如:
错:When did she know my e-mall address?
对:When did she get to know my e-maail address?
她什么时候知道我的e-mail地址?
●延续性动词如果要表示瞬时的动作,则需借助come, begin,get等一时性动词。如:
①How did you come to know it?你怎么知道这件事的?
②After lunch it began to rain.午饭后天下起雨来。
③ I can't get ud to the wet weather.我不能习惯于这潮湿的天气。
3.延续性动词和一时性动词与时态的关系
1)一时性动词常与表示一点的时间状语连用,如yesterday,last week,at five o'clock,in the winter,in 2000,today,tomorrow等;而延续性动词常与表示一段时间的状语连用,如always,all day long,for four years,for the spring,since leaving school,until April 等。特别是for,since和until(till)三个可以引出一个表示时间的状语,常与连续性动词在一起。
错:He went away for a long time.
对:He went away a long time ago.(go away是一时性动作)
他已经走了很长时间了。
错:She has worked hard a year ago.
对:She has worked hard for a year. (work是延续性动词)
她一年来一直努力工作。
2)一时性动词用于否定句,这时可以和表示一段时间的状语连用,因此动作没有发生的否定状态是可以延续的。
错:I opened the window for a week.
对:I didn't open the window for a week.
我一个星期没开窗了。
错:He arrived until the film had begun.
对:He didn't arrive until the film had begun.
他直到电影开始才到。
3)一时性动词如果用来表示行为的结果,则需用完成时态或完成进行时态,但在肯定句中
不可由since,for等引起的表示一段时间的状语连用,不过可与表示笼统时间的状语连用。
错:I have had a new skirt for two weeks.
对:I have just bought a new skirt.
我刚刚买了一条新裙子。
对:I have had a new skirt for two weeks.
这条新裙子我已买了两个星期。
对:He has come to study Chine.
他来学汉语。
错:He has come to study Chine for half a year.
对:He has been here to study Chine for half a year.他来这里学汉语已经半年了。
4)一时性动词一般不能用于进行时或完成进行时。
错:She has been putting on a hat.
对:She has put on a hat.
她已戴上帽子。
错:The car has been stopping.
对:The car has stopped.
车已经停了。
●一时性动词如果用于进行时、完成时和完成进行时并与表示一段时间的状语连用,则表示一个习惯性或反复性的动作。如:
①The little boy is jumping up and down for veral minutes.小男孩上下跳了好几分钟。(反复性动作)
②I have met him every day on the same bus for a year.这一年我在同一辆公交车上每天遇见他。(习惯性动作)
●一时性动作用于进行时还可以表示一个将来的动作。如:
③The train is leaving.火车就要出站了。
④The train is arriving.火车就要进站了。
⑤The spring is coming.春天就要来了。
⑥We're going home.我们要回家了。
5)延续性动词可以用于各种时态,表示动作的各种不同的延续。如果这类动词用于一般时,完成时和完成进行时等,可以与一段时间的状语连用。如:
①We will stay in Dalian for the whole summer.我们一夏天将留在大连。(一般时)
②What are you doing? I'm doing some dishes. 你在干什么?我在洗碗。(进行时)
③ They have been watching TV for the whole evening. 他们整晚上一直在看电视。(完成进行时)
6)表示状态、思维、感情等的动词与其他的延续性动词的用法不同,它们一般不可用于进行时。
错:I'm liking his ideas.
对:I like his ideas.
我喜欢他的主意。
错:I was understanding what he said.
对:I understood what he said.
我理解他说的话。
●表示状态、感情、思维的动词如用进行时则不表示正在“进行”,而表示即将发生的动作;表示感情和强调情况的暂时性;表示一时的表现。如:
①She is having a holiday next Sunday. 她下个星期天度假。(即将动作)
②How are you feeling today?你今天感觉怎样?(亲切感情)
③You are being a good child today.你今天是个乖孩子。(一时表现)