第15章 分词
本章难点：分词作定语与不定式作定语的比较，分词作状语和分词的独立主格结构。
15.1 定义
分词是非谓语的另一种形式，它分现在分词(doing)和过去分词(done)。一般来说，现在分词表示主动、进行，过去分词表被动、完成。分词具有形容词、副词词性，在句中作表语，定语、状语，或在复合宾语中作补语。分词的逻辑主语一般就是句子的主语、宾语或被修饰词。如：
I stood there, waiting for her.
I heard someone knocking at the door.
The man sitting over there is interesting.
Tell the children playing outside not to make any noi.
The matter being discusd mow is important.
15.2 分词的形式
15.2.1 现在分词
| 主动形式 | 被动形式 |
一般 | doing | being done |
完成 | Having done | having been done |
| | |
1.一般形式：表示谓语所表示的动作发生的时候，分词所表示的动作正在进行或表示两个动作几乎同时发生。主动形式表示与逻辑主语是主动关系，被动形式表示与逻辑主语是被动关系。如：
The girl sitting in the front is my cousin.
The matter being discusd is rious.
They sat in the porch laughing and chatting.
Seeing his teacher coming, he rushed into the classroom.
Being asked to give a talk, he couldn’t very well refu.
Being protected by his bodyguard, he left safe wherever he went.
2.完成形式：表示分词所表示的动作发生在谓语所表示的动作之前。如：
Having been there many times, I can guide you around the city.
Having fulfilled the mission, they returned to their company.
Having been invited, she had to go.
Having been criticized, he did everything more carefully.
15.2.2 过去分词
过去分词就只有一种形式done。及物动词的过去分词表示被动与完成，但有少数不及物动词的过去分词也可以作定语，只表完成，不表被动。如：fallen leaves（落叶），boiled water（开水），returned students（归国留学生），faded flowers（凋谢的花），the ri
n sun（升起了的太阳），the newly arrived visitors（新到的客人），the abdicated emperor（退位的皇帝），escaped prisoners（逃犯），his decead wife（他已故的妻子)，retired workers（退休工人）。
15.3 分词的句法功能
15.3.1 作表语
1.现在分词作表语多表主语具有的特征，主语和分词是主动关系。过去分词作表语多表主语的状态，主语和分词是被动关系。如：
The news is disappointing. He is disappointed.
The job is exhausting. I am exhausted.
The problem is confusing. I felt confud.
The action is offending. She was offended.
His speech is interesting. We are interested in his speech.
His words are encouraging. They are encouraged.
最常用的能作表语的现在分词有：amusing, annoying, astonishing, charming, confusing, disappointing, discouraging, disturbing, encouraging, exciting, fascinating, inviting, misleading, pleasing, pressing, puzzling, shocking, surprising等。
最常用的能作表语的过去分词有：amazed, amud, astonished, clod, complicated, confud, crowded, delighted, devoted, disappointed, discouraged, dresd, drunk, experienced, frightened, faded, gone, hurt, inexperienced, learned, married, plead, puzzled, qualified, rerved, satisfied, surprid, tired, undresd, unknown, unexpected, unprepared, upt, worried等。
2.过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：过去分词作表语表主语的状态，而被动语态表动作。如：
The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains.（过去分词表语）
The city was surrounded by enemies in 1945.（被动语态）
The boy is saved.
The boy was saved by a soldier.
Everything is ttled now.
The problem was ttled by the engineer.
The table is covered with a cloth.
The table was covered by Lily.
The glass is broken.
The glass was broken by my daughter yesterday.
15.3.2 作定语
1.单独的分词作定语一般放在所修饰词的前面，及物动词的现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。如：
a leading figure（领导人物）
leaded people（受领导的人）
surrounding countries（周边国家）
the surrounded country（被包围的国家）
the insulting demand（侮辱性的要求）
the insulted women（受侮辱的妇女）
guiding principle（指导原则）
guided missile（导弹）
不及物动词的现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成。如：
boiling water（正在开的水）
boiled water（开水）
developing countries（发展中国家）
developed countries（发达国家）
the rising sun（初升的太阳）
the rin sun（升起来了的太阳）
falling leaves（正在往下落的叶子）
fallen leaves（落叶）
2.分词短语作定语放在被修饰词的后面，有以下几种情况：
1）现在分词的主动形式（doing）表示分词动作与被修饰词之间是主动的一般现在或正在进行的关系。如：
There is a factory making cars in our hometown.（表一般现在）
The hou standing by the lake was built in 1870.
The trees surrounding the village were planted by us.
Give the application to the man sitting on the chair.（表正在进行）
The man speaking in the hall is our principal.
The girl writing a letter is good at English.
2）现在分词的被动形式（being done）表示分词动作与被修饰词是被动进行关系。如：
The problem being discusd is important.
There are some students being criticized.
3）过去分词表示分词动作与被修饰词是被动关系，表一般现在或被动完成。如：
He is a man interested in physics.（表一般现在）
She is a singer loved by young people.
I dislike reading articles written in pencil.
The letter posted today is for my sister.（表已完成）
He doesn’t like to read the novels written by Jinyong.
The book recommended by the teacher is very good.
3.分词短语还可以作非限定性定语，起解释说明作用。如：
The book, written by Xiao Hong in 1992, tells of the modern life of Americans.
