【英语】英语写作指导与进阶课笔记答案（⼀）
这门课是北京邮电⼤学叶培⼤创新创业学院开设的课程，导致现在放了寒假还要刷这上百个material，也算是繁忙的上学期的余⾳吧……（笑）
在这⾥开个blog记录下学习笔记附赠答案（但是辅修不计⼊保研成绩所以我也佛了，刷个90分得了），不会很详细，因为这个寒假我还有美赛等⼀堆破事要搞，属实裂开
第⼀天
1.part of speech 词性 also known as part of writing
Usually, there are eight parts of speech that are commonly discusd in grammar books: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and article.
adjective adverb agreement 肯定句
article 冠词auxiliary verb 补语comparative
compound noun 合成词conditional 条件状语conjunction 连词
continuous 进⾏时contraction 否定count noun 数词
demonstrative pronoun 指⽰代词determiner 所有格以及wh-ever词direct object 具体名词
future ten/aspect 将来时gerund
[ˈdʒerənd] 动名词（v-ing）
infinitive 不定形（to do）
intransitive verb vi 不及物动词irregular noun 不规则变复数的名词irregular verb 不规则动词
mass noun 单复同型modal 情态动词modifier 修饰词（five new classroom, eager student）
noun participle 分词 past participle如she was merited的
merited
past ten
perfect ten phrasal verb 动词短语plural
posssive 所有格preposition 介词prep prent ten
pronoun ⼈称代词proper noun 专有名词reflexive pronoun 反⾝代词
relative pronoun 从句的先⾏词（好像）that,who,one之类subjunctive 虚拟语⽓后的动词，⽐如should do的这个
do，xx that you do的do
superlative 最⾼级
transitive verb 及物动词 vt verb 2.Parts of the ntence
Subject 主语
imperative 祈使句
predicate 谓语
phra 短语
claus 从句，分为independent和dependent
⼆者的区别：
可能是动名词不算动词吧。。。离谱
新学单词
yarn 纱线
quel (书、电影、戏剧等的)续篇，续集; 后续的事; 随之⽽来的事; 结果
imperative 迫切的; 重要紧急的; 急需处理的; 表⽰权威的; 表⽰命令的; 祈使的
moderator 调解⼈; 调停⼈; 仲裁⼈; 评分监督;
第⼆天
1.what makes an effective sntence?
clear, preci vocabulary, strong verbs, correct length
2.6 Steps to More Conci Writing
"Conci" means using no more words than necessary to convey your meaning. Here are six ways t
o achieve conciness.
1. Avoid redundancy. Look at this table--the words in parenthes aren't necessary. They say the same thing as the main phra.
(at night)tall (in height)
our (final) conclusion(the month of) June
square (in shape)to combine (together)
to ask (a question) a connsus (of opinion)
2. Watch out for wordy phras. Wordiness(冗长) happens when you u more words than you need to say something. For example, "in view of the fact that" means simply, "becau."
Wordy Conci
bad on the fact that becau
despite the fact that although
in the event that if
at the prent time now
until such a time as until
on a weekly basis weekly
it is often the ca that often
have the ability to can
during the cour of during
take under consideration consider
to be of the opinion to think
to make reference to to refer to
in the final analysis finally
3. Make your subject clear and defined.
Unclear: The practice of revision would improve our writing.
Clear: Revision would improve our writing.
Avoid empty subjects it and there (called expletives) when possible.
Empty: There is no way to become a better writer than to practice.
Defined: We can become better writers if we practice.
4. U strong verbs. Avoid using ntences that rely overly on some form of the word 'to be' in combination with nouns or prepositions.
to be + nouns: What we found was a solution to the problem.
Strong verb: We solved the problem.
5. Avoid vague words. Words like "thing," "stuff," "material," "people," "get," or "did" should be replaced with preci nouns or verbs.
Vague: I needed to get some stuff at the store.
Clear: I needed to buy some groceries at the farmer's market.
6. Remove unnecessary modifiers. Too many modifiers weaken the force of your writing; they bury your main ideas in a mountain of words that don't mean much. Look for modifiers like "many," "really," "quite," "in my opinion," etc. and edit them out of your writing. Unnecessary: In my opinion, that movie was really quite good. I'm very glad we saw it.
Conci: That movie was great! I'm glad we saw it.
A good paragraph has strong organization that makes n to the reader. Each ntence should lead logically to the next, and should be connected through transition words or other connections. Besides a topic ntence and one main idea, an effective paragraph
has coherence and development.
Coherence(连贯性)
Coherence makes a paragraph understandable to a reader. You can help create coherence in your paragraphs by creating logical and verbal connections. You can develop logical connections by making sure that each ntence in a paragraph relates in some way to the topic ntence. You can also create the connections through the u of words ("verbal connections"). For example, you can: Repeat key words
U synonyms for key words
U pronouns(代词) to link ntences together
Link ntences with transition words
Development
Development refers to the support you have for your topic ntence. A well-developed paragraph should have an adequate number of ntences to support the main idea. What's an "adequate number"? That depends on the idea, and how much development it needs. Here are some ways you can make sure your paragraphs are developed. You can:
U examples
Give data (for example, statistics, data, information, examples)
Quote others, either directly or through paraphrasing
Tell a story
Define your key words
Compare or contrast ideas
Examine caus and effects
4.signposts and transitions
Two other important pieces of academic paragraphs are transitions and signposts. Here is a picture of a signpost:
How does this image relate to writing?
A signpost helps travelers find their way. In writing, a signpost helps readers find their way; it can be a phra, ntence, or paragraph that explains to the reader where the writer has been, or where the writer is going. Here are some example signposts: The purpo of this
The previous rearch
The next ction
Signposts are important for readers, as they help them understand your organization and thought process.
Transitions are phras or ntences that help you move from from one idea to the next. Transitions are often ud at the ends of paragraphs to create a connection between ideas, from one paragraph to the next. Common transitions include: moreover
nevertheless
in addition
similarly
on the other hand
in conclusion
新学单词
slander ⼝头诽谤; 诋毁
skiff (尤指单⼈的)⼩划艇，⼩帆船;
stoop 弯腰; 俯⾝; (站⽴或⾏⾛时)⼸背;
charging bull 外⾯是铜,⾥⾯是其他的填充材料。charging有填充的意思，铜⽜是华尔街地标
borne 承受; 忍受; 不适于某事(或做某事); 承担责任；由……携带的
camouflage (军事上的)伪装，隐蔽; (动物的)保护⾊，保护形状; 隐瞒;
drab 单调乏味的; ⽆光彩的; ⽆⽣⽓的;
第三天
1.What isn't a thesis statement(论⽂观点)?
A FACT OR OBSERVATION IS NOT A THESIS STATEMENT
A thesis makes an argument or analysis. If you state something that is obvious, or that everyone accepts as a fact, you do not have a thesis.
Examples:
In Moby Dick, Melville writes about a sailor named Ishmael. [This is true.]
The largest country by land area is Russia, and the smallest is Vatican City. [The are facts about cities. No one could argue with this.]
Philosophy is the study of knowledge and reality. [Someone could argue that philosophy includes other topics, but no one could argue that knowledge and reality are not part of the study of philosophy.]
In 2006, Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet. [Some people disagree with Pluto's reclassification, but they cannot argue that it was reclassified.]
The four statements are all facts or obrvations. That is, they are simply "true", and therefore don't leave much to write about.
An explanation of the Subject is not a thesis statment
A thesis has a point of view. It has an opinion about the subject, but it is not the subject.
Explanation Thesis statement
My thesis is about the best place to take a vacation.The best place for a perfect vacation is Paris becau of the beautiful architecture, wonderful restaurants, and abundance of muums.
I want to share some of my ideas about education.By narrowing the educational gap between the wealthy and the underprivileged, everyone can have an equal chance to become successful and contribute to society.
The topic of this paper is the effect of video games on young children.Children should be prevented from playing video games for more than an hour a day, as it may keep them from developing their creativity.
< on thesis statement
Every academic essay you write should have a main idea, which is supported through an argument(s) you make. Your thesis statement will reflect the arguments you are making about your main idea in a clear way.
A thesis statement should prent your argument in one or two ntences. A thesis generally has tw
o parts: a statement of the topic, and an argument or position about that topic. Look at this example. The topic is underlined, and the argument is in bold:
Continuing changes in pension plans make it almost impossible to plan wily for retirement.
The bold part of the ntence is the argument becau it makes a specific claim about the topic. One way to test whether you have an argument or not is to ask whether a different claim could be made about it. For example, this thesis statement might also have been: Continuing changes in pension plans save corporations and governments money that can be ud more efficiently elwhere.
or
Continuing changes in pension plans are necessary becau of the smaller number of younger workers in the workforce.
If you cannot think of an alternative thesis statement, chances are that you have an obrvation about your topic, or an argument for which no one would have an alternative explanation. Look at the examples, and think about why they are not as effective:
In the current economy, pension plans are changing.
(This is true--but so what? Why is this interesting, important, or controversial?)
Jack London was the best American writer of his generation.
(This is too vague--what does "best" mean? It is nearly impossible to argue something bad completely on individual taste. What is best to
