第四单元：可信度
1：the first is that of claims themlves; the cond is the claims' sources.
2：There are degrees of credibility and incredibility
3：A claim lacks inherent credibility to the extent that it conflicts with what we have obrved or what we think we know—our background information—or with other credible claims. (一个断言缺少内在的可信度，而这种不可信度已经到了一种我们难以接受的程度，比如和我们所观察到的或是能想到的------也就是我们掌握的背景知识信息，或者我们所知的其他的可信的断言完全相违背，那我们就很难相信这样的断言了。）
4. But obrvations and short-term memory are far from infallible.
5. Our obrvations（观测/体验） and our recollections of them（记忆） can go wrong for all manner of reasons. An obrver might be tired, distracted（分心）, worried about an unrelated（无关联） matter, emotionally upt（情绪低落）, feeling ill（感到身体不适）, and so on. Further, physical conditions（身体健康的状态） can affect our obrvati
ons such as bad lighting, noi, and the speed of events.
6. It's also important to remember that people are not all created equal（生而各方面都一模一样） when it comes to making obrvations. We hate to say it, dear reader, but there are lots of people who e better, hear better, and remember better than you. Of cour, that goes for us as well（我们每个人都会遇到类似的状况）.
7. we discuss a very common error called wishful thinking, （一厢情愿的思考） which occurs when we allow hopes and desires to influence our judgment and color our beliefs.
8. memory, as most of us know, can be deceptive.
9. Reports must always be evaluated against our background information/ knowledge—that immen body of justified beliefs（大量的被证明是正确的想法/信念）that consists of facts we learn from our own direct obrvations （直接的观测）and facts we learn from others. （我们学到的被证明了的事实）
10. The authority of experience. (各个经验的权威性，也就是我们相信自己所经历的一切
作为判读的依据)
11. this is an example of how we usually treat claims when we first encounter them: We begin by assigning them a certain initial plausibility （初信度）, a rough asssment of how credible a claim ems to us.
12. This asssment depends on how consistent the claim is with our background information（与我们的背景知识相吻合）—how well it “fits” with that information. If it fits very well, we give the claim some reasonable degree of initial plausibility—there is a reasonable expectation of its being true. If, however, the claim conflicts with our background information, we give it low initial plausibility and lean toward rejecting it （给出很低的可信度，倾向于拒绝接受） unless very strong evidence can be produced on its behalf.
13. Background information：The body of justified beliefs that consists of facts we learn from our own direct obrvations and facts we learn from others.
14. Initial plausibility：One's rough asssment of how credible a claim ems.
15. A person who stands to gain from our belief in a claim is known as an interested party, （有利可图的一方）
16. interested parties must be viewed with much more suspicion（有利益的一方所说的话接受起来要更加小心） than disinterested parties（无利可图的一方）, who have no stake in our belief one way or another.
17. We often ba our judgments on irrelevant considerations（我们对人可信度的判读经常建立在一些无关的因素上。）. Other irrelevant features we sometimes u to judge a person's credibility include gender, age, ethnicity, accent, and mannerisms. （性别，年纪，民族，口音和举证）
18. Interested parties are less credible than other sources of claims. （有利可图的一方比起其他断言的来源更不可信。）
19. The state of a person's knowledge depends on a number of factors, especially that person's level of experti（专业技能的水平） and experience, either direct (through personal obrvation) or indirect (through study), with the subject at hand.
20. Experti：An unusual knowledge or ability in a given subject, most often due to specialized experience or education.
21. Education and experience are often the most important factors, followed by accomplishments, reputation, and position, in no particular order. （判读专家的标准往往是学历背景，经验，领域内的建树，名声/口碑，地位）
22. Finally, we sometimes make the mistake of thinking that whatever qualifies someone as an expert in one field automatically qualifies that person in other areas. （一个领域的专家有时会被错误地认为也是另外一个领域的专家）
23：媒体，广告和网络的可信度的问题大家自己去看书，归纳。
24：总结第四章的复习重点：
Claims lack credibility to the extent they conflict with our obrvations, experience, or background information, or come from sources that lack credibility.
• The less initial plausibility a claim has, the more extraordinary it ems; and the less it fits with our background information, the more suspicious we should be.
