第一讲名词
典型例题
纵观近几年全国、上海、北京等地的高考试题,对名词的考查往往涉及名词作定语(如:He dropped the coffee cup and broke it.),抽象名词具体化(如:WhataPleasantsurprihegaveus!),区分可数名词和不可数名词,根据句意选择适当的名词,某个名词在不同场合下的具体意义和一些名词构成的固定搭配。
一般来说名词主要考查:
1.可数名词复数构成的规则及不规则变化。
2.可数名词和不可数名词的判断与用法——对比。
3.名词的所有格,包括’s所有格,…of…所有格和双重所有格的用法。
4.名词作定语和名词构成的习语及用法等。
5.名词的词义辨析。
应试同分瓶颈
纵观历年来高考对名词的考查,主要体现为一个“活”字。因此要求考生平时加强关于名词基础知识的学习,如:名词的数、名词的所有格、主谓一致及一些有关名词的固定搭配。通过对比、归纳、总结等方法,记忆、理解部分知识,并将名词常考知识点梳理清楚。另外在做题时灵活使用所学的基础知识,把握重点、难点,认真审题,依据具体的语境进行分析判断。
近几年的高考题对名词的考查一般集中在名词的辨析上。所以在学习中要注意名词在特定语境中的正确使用和细微差别,另外还要注意名词和动词的搭配用法。抽象名词的具体化也应该引起重视。surpri不可数表示“惊奇”,可数为“令人惊奇的事情”;shame不可数为“羞愧”,可数为“令人羞愧的事”,除此之外还有:honour,failure,success,pleasure,pity等。
◎命题点1 名词的数
◎命题点2 名词的所有格及名词作定语
命题点1 名词的数
本类考题解答锦囊
名词有数的区分。在英语中名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单复数形式,不可数名词没有复数形式。有些名词既可以是可数名词,也可以是不可数名词,但所表达的意义不同。我们在应试
时要考虑以下几点:
1.名词的可数性及其易错点。
一般来说,个体名词和大部分集合名词是可数的,而专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词以及小部分集合名词则通常是不可数的。但是这种区分只是大致的,并不是绝对的。英语中有些名词往往既可以是可数的也可以是不可数的。
A:Would you like a cake?要吃块蛋糕吗?
B:NO,I don't like cake.不吃,我不喜欢吃蛋糕。
以上第一句用a cake,这是把cake视为一块一块的“蛋糕”,所以它是可数的;而第二句只用 cake,这是把它当作物质名词看待,所以它成了不可数名词。
抽象名词是表示事物性质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念的,因此它通常是不可数的。但是,有时抽象名词也可转化为具体名词(可数),表示具有某种性质的人或事物:Success 成功(不可数)→a success成功的人或事(可数);pleasure愉快(不可数)→a pleasure令人愉快的人或事 (可数)。
2.可数与不可数名词的常用修饰语。
(1)修饰可数名词的常用修饰语有the,tho,few,a few,many,agood(great)many,
a great (good)number of等。
(2)修饰不可数名词的常用修饰语有this,that,little,a little,a bit of ,much,
a great deal of, a large amount of等。
Ⅰ高考最新热门题
1.(典型例题The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took__________pictures of them.
A. many of
B. mass of
C. the number of
D. a large amount of 命题目的与解题技巧:此题考查表示“许多”的名词修饰语。
【解析】 many,mass of,a number of,a large amount of 都可以表示“许多的”“大量的”。其中,many,a number of修饰可数名词复数;a large amount of修饰不可数名词;mass of可用于可数、不可数名词前。A项多一个of;C项the number of指“……的数量”,与题意不符;D项不能修饰复数名词pictures.
【答案】 B
2.(典型例题) If you buy more than ten, they knock 20 pence off_______.
A. a price
B. price
C. the price
D. prices
答案:C 指导:本句译文为:如果你买10个以上,它们的价格可以便宜20便士,本题测试名词和冠词的用法。
3.(典型例题)--Brad was Jane's brother!--_______he reminded me so much of Jane!
A. No doubt
B. Above all
C. No wonder
D. Of cour
答案:C 指导:选项A的意思是:毫无疑问,表示肯定;B的意思是:首先,最重要的是,表示重要性;C的意思是:难怪,表示恍然大悟;D的意思是:当然,当然可以,表示同意。根据上下句的意思,答案选C,表示对原来某现象突然弄明白了。
4.(典型例题)Chine arts have won the_______of a lot of people outside China.
A. enjoyment
B. appreciation
C. entertainment
D. reputation
答案:B 指导:enjoyment:满意,快乐;appreciation:欣赏、赏识;entertainment:娱乐;reputation:名声。根据句子意思,答案应该选B,意思为:中国艺术享誉海外。
5.(典型例题) In dealing with public relations, we should make every effort to prevent the_______in personality.
A. contact
B. contrast
C. connection
D. conflict
答案:D 指导:本题考查词义的区别。contact:接触,contrast:对比,connection:联系,conflict;冲突。句子的意为:在处理公共关系时,我们应努力防止人格冲突。
Ⅱ题点经典类型题
1. (典型例题拟My _______of this weekend's activity is going out with some good friends.
A. idea
B. opinion
C. mind
D. thought
【解析】 idea:主意,打算,构思,opinion:观点,mind:头脑,thought:思考,想法。
2.(典型例题)The head office of the bank is in Beijing but it has all over the country.
A. companies
B. branches
C. organizations
D. business
答案:B 指导:branch这里是分支,分行的意思,“说银行的总部在北京,但是这在全国
各地均有分行。”A项“公司”C项“组织”和D项“商业”的不合题意。
3.(典型例题)I am sure David will be able to find the library he has a pretty good_______of direction.
A. idea
B. feeling
C. experience
D. n
答案:D 指导:have n of"有……的感觉(能力)”。
4.(典型例题拟)Bill was doing a lot of physical exerci to build up his_______.
A. ability
B. force
C. strength
D. mind
答案:C 指导:ablity侧重指“能力”;force侧重指“打击力,爆炸力,武力”,strength 侧重体力;mind指“脑力,智力”。显然,C项与前面的physical,exelci最为搭配。Ⅲ新高考命题探究
1.--Do you think she's going to leave?_______The had crosd my mind.
A. matter
B. hope
C. desire
D. thought
答案:D 指导:据句意应为“这个想法在我脑子里很久”。只有D,thonght为想法,主意,其它意思不对。
2. She is in a poor_______ of health, which worries her mother much.
A. position
B. situation
C. state
D. condition
答案: C 指导:据题意in a state为状态,指身体状态。
3. How did you like the_______of the interpreter( 口译员)at the Chine FM press conference of 6-party talks on TV?
A. performance
B. achievement
C. material
D. words
答案:A 指导:据意:你认为口译员的表现如何?只有A项是表现的意思。
4. Mr. Barrette doesn't think that all bad language should be allowed. In his opinion,
there are_______that should be kept up.
A. degrees
B. levels
C. limits
D. standards
答案: D 指导:根据题意:在他看来,应该有标准。A项是程度,B 项是水平,C项为限制,D为标准。
命题点2 名词的所有格及名词作定语
本类考题解答锦囊
英语名词的所有格表示所属关系,它分’s所有格和of所有格两种形式。名词还可以作另外一个名词的定语。在做此类题时要注意以下几点:
1.所有格的含义
(1)表示所属:Tom's car汤姆的小车
(2)表示类别:a women's c0llege女子学院
(3)表示动作的执行者或承受者:
The teacher's prai老师的表扬
children's education儿童教育
2.双重所有格
双重所有格构成有(1)名词+of+名词所有格。如:A friend。of my father's.(2)名词
+of+名词性物主代词。如:some friends of mine.它表示部分概念,。of短语修饰的名词前通常有表示数词的限定词a,an,one,two,some,veral,a few,many,any,no等。如:Some friends of my brother’s will come to ioinus.我哥哥的几个朋友将和我们一起去.
3.名词作定语
一个名词作另外一个名词的定语,如a coffee cup(不能说a coffee's cup),a shoe shop(不可说a shoe'
s shop或a shoes shop).
Ⅰ高考最新热门题
1.(典型例题) The village is far away from here indeed.
It's_______walk.
A. a four hour
B. a four hour's
C. a four-hours
D. a four hours'
命题目的与解题技巧:该题考查名词所有格作定语。
【解析】冠词、数词、量词和连用有两种形式:一种是:a+数词+量词的名词所有格+名词,如果数词大于“1”,量词要用复数形式。如 a four mile's journey: 另一种是:a four-mile .所以答案为D.
【答案】 D
2.(典型例题季卷) It took us quite a long time to get there, It was______ journey.
A. three-hour
B. a three hour
C. a three-hour
D. three hours
答案:C 指导:joumey为可数名词。复合形容词的构成中hour 应为单数形式,所以选C 同义词组还有threehours的表示方法。注意这种合成形容词只作主语。
3.(典型例题)The______ is just around the corner and you won't miss it.
A. bicycle's shop
B. bicycle shop
C. bicycles shop
D. bicycle's shop
答案:B 指导:本题考查名词作定语。本句的意思是“自行车商店在拐弯处”。自行车商店应该是B.
4.(典型例题)The little girl asked her mother to buy her a nice pair of______, so her mother went to some ______stores.
A. shoes; shoes
B. shoes; shoe
C. shoe; shoes
D. shoe;shoe
答案:B 指导:由于受some的影响,容易误选A。本题主要考查名词作定语的用法。名词作定语需用单数形式。如:radio programs电台节目,computer shops电脑店,girl friedns 女朋友。
Ⅱ题点经典类型题
1.(典型例题测)If you are not yet______,you are forbidden to visit this site.
A. eighteen years
B. at age of eighteen
C. eighteen-year-old
D. eighteen years of age
命题目的与解题技巧:本题考查名词作主语。
【解析】注意年龄的几种表示:at the age of eighteen, eighteen years old, eighteen years of age, 而 eight een-year-old 为合成定语形容词。
【答案】 D
2.(典型例题测)His behavior at the party last night emed rather______. Many of us were quite surprid.
A. out of practice
B. out of place
C. out of politeness
D. out of pity
答案:B 指导:outofplace未在应该的位置,不适当:out of prac rice(变得)荒疏:outof pity出于同情;outofpoliteness出于礼貌。
3(典型例题评)Peasants earn their living by lling agriculture______in China.
A. cost
B. food
C. products
D. production
答案:C 指导:卖农产品.
4.(典型例题中)Is there a ______for rising prices?
A. way
B. cure
C. medicine
D. method
答案:B指导:acureforrisingprice克服物价上涨的对策。
5.(典型例题联)Life is tough in the city. In order to lo their______, some people drink alcohol.
A. temper
B. mood
C. pressures
D. consciousness
答案:C 指导:人们喝酒是为了排解心中的压力。
Ⅲ新高考命题探究
1.It's bad for a man to smoke in the public places where smoking is not allowed.
A. behavior
B. action
C. manner
D. movement
答案:A 指导:在公共场所吸烟是不良行为习惯。 C项manner如表礼貌应为manners.2.The Chine are looking forward to the first ______to land on the moon after Yang Liwei's successful trip to space.
A. measure
B. attempt
C. purpo
D. desire
答案:B 指导:据题意:中国人一直盼望第一次登月的尝试。B项为试图,尝试。
3.He had a good ______of the examination result when he saw his daughter's face.
A. report
B. thought
C. idea
D. news
答案:C 指导:当他看到女儿的脸,他就清楚了考试结果,只有C符合题意。
4.The headmaster has got a good education______ so the school is doing well.
A. thought
B. thinking
C. idea
D. n
答案:D 指导:关于教育的感觉(敏感性)。
探究性命题综合测试
考场热身
1.--What do you thind of the TV play"The Meteor Garden"?
--I take no interest in it. One of the reasons in that such a life is out of our______.
A. mind
B. point
C. reach
D. sight
答案:C 指导:out ofone'smind意思是:忘记,想不起,精神错乱;out of one's point 无此搭配;out of one's reach表示:无法达到的,力所不能及的,无法理解的;out of(one's)sight意为:看不见,在视野之外。
2.--Who did you spend 'ast weekend with?
--______. A. Palmer's B. The Palmer