前缀、后缀、词根总结
英语单词构词法——前缀
1.表示否定意义的前缀
(1)纯否定前缀
前缀举例
a-, an-asymmetry (不对称), anhydrous (无水的)
dis-dishonest, dislike
in-, ig-, il-, im-, ir-incapable, inability, ignoble, impossible, immoral, illegal, irregular ne-, n-none, neither, never
non-nonn
un-unable, unemployment
(2) 表示错误的意义
前缀举例
male-, mal-malfunction, maladjustment (失调)
mis-mistake, mislead
pudo-pudonym (假名), pudoscience
(3) 表示反动作的意思
前缀举例
de-defend, demodulation (解调)
dis-disarm, disconnect
un-unload, uncover
(4) 表示相反、相互对立的意思
前缀举例
anti-, ant-antiknock (防震), antiforeign (排外的)
contra-, contre-, contro-contradiction, controflow (逆流)
counter-counteraction, counterbalance
ob-, oc-, of-, op-, object, oppo, occupy
with-withdraw, withstand
2.表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀
前缀含义举例
a-在……之上、向……aboard, aside
by-附近、邻近、边侧bypath, bypass
circum-, circu-周围、环绕、回转circumstance, circuit
de-在下、向下descend, degrade
en-在内、进入encage, enbed
ex-, ec-, es-外部、外exit, eclip, expand, export extra-额外extraction
fore-在前面forehead, foreground
in-, il- im-, ir-向内、在内、背于inland, invade, inside, import inter-, intel-在……间，相互international, interaction,
intro-向内、在内、内侧introduce,
medi-, med-, mid-中，中间Mediterranean, midposition
out-在上面，在外部，在外outline, outside, outward over-在上面，在外部，向上overlook, overhead, overboard post-向后，在后面，次postscript (附言), postgraduate pre-在前，在前面prefix, preface, preposition pro-在前、向前progress, proceed
sub-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-在下面，下subway, submarine, suffix,
suppress, supplement
super-, sur-在……之上superficial, surface, superstructure trans-移上，转上，在那一边translate, transform, transoceanic under-在……下面，下的underline, underground
up-向上，向上面，在上upward, uphold, uphill
3.表示时间、序列关系的前缀
前缀含义举例
ante-, anti-先前，早于，预先antecedent, anticipate
ex-先、故、旧ex-president, ex-husband
fore-在前面、先前、前面foreword, foretell
mid-, medi-中，中间midnight, midsummer
post-在后，后postwar
pre-, pri-在前、事先、预先preheat, prewar, prehistory
pro-在前、先、前prologue (序幕), prophet
re-再一次、重新retell, rewrite
4.表示比较程度差别关系的前缀
前缀含义举例
by-副、次要的byproduct
extra-超越、额外extraordinary
hyper-超过、极度hypersonic, hypertension
out-超过、过分outdo (超过), outbid
over-超过、过度、太overeat, overdress, oversleep
sub-, suc-次、低、副、亚subeditor, subordinate, succession super-, sur-超过supernatural, superpower, surplus under-低劣、低下undersize, undergrown
vice-副、次vice-president, vice-chairman
5.表示共同、相等意思的前缀
前缀含义举例
com-, cop-, con-, cor-, co-共同、一起combine, connect, coexist
syn-, syl-, sym-同、共、和、类synthesis, sympathy
6.表示整个完全意思的前缀
前缀含义举例
al-完整、完全alone, almost
over-完全、全overall, overflow (充满)
pan-全、总、万panentheism (泛神论), panorama
(全景、概论)
7.表示分离、离开意思的前缀
前缀含义举例
a-, ab-, abs-分离、离开away, apart, abstract, abstain
de-离去、除去depart, decolour
dis-, di-, dif-分离、离开disarm, divorce
ex-, e-离开、分离expel, exclude, expatriate
for-离开、脱离forgive, forget
re-离开relea, resolve
-分离、隔离parate, duce, lect
8.表示通过、遍及意思的前缀
前缀含义举例
dia-通过、横过diameter, diagram
per-, pel-通、总、遍perfect, perform, pervade (浸透) trans-横过、贯通transparent, transmit, transport 9.表示加强意思的前缀
前缀举例
a-arou, ashamed
ad-adjoin, adhere (粘着)
10.表示变换此类作用的前缀
前缀举例
be-befriend (帮助、扶助)
en-enslave, enable, enrich
ad-, ac-, af-, ag-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-adapt, accord, affix, aggression, arrive, assist, attend, attract, arrange, assign
11.表示数量关系的前缀
前缀含义举例
mono-, mon-单一、一monotone, monopoly, monarch ambi-, bi-, di- twi-二、两、双ambiguous, amphibian, bicycle,
diode, twilight
deca-, deco-, dec-, deci-十decade, decimals
hecto-, hect-, centi-百，百分之一hectometer, centimeter
kilo-千、千分之一kilometer
myria-, myri-, mega, meg,
micro-
万、万分之一myriametre, megabyte, microvolt multi-, mult-, poly-许多、复、多数multipmetre, polysyllable
hemi-, demi-, mi-, pene-, pen-半、一半hemisphere, demiofiicial,
miconductor, mitransparent,
peninsula
12.表示特殊意义的前缀
前缀含义举例
arch-首位、第一的、主要的architect, archbishop auto-自己、独立、自动automobile, autobiography bene-善、福benefit
eu-优、美好eugenics (优生学), euphemism male-, mal-恶、不良maltreatment, malodor
macro-大、宏大macroscopic (宏观)
magni-大magnificent
micro-微microscope
13.表示术语的前缀
前缀含义举例
aud-听、声audience
bio-生命、生物biography
ge-地球、大地geography
phon-声、音调phonograph
tele-远离television, telephone
英语单词构词法——后缀
1.名词后缀
(1) 具有某种职业或动作的人
后缀含义举例
-an, -ian……地方的人，
精通……的人
American, historian
-
al具有……职务的人principal
-ant, -ent……者merchant, agent, rvant, student -ar……的人scholar, liar
-ard, -art做……的人coward, laggard, braggart
-arian……派别/主义的人，humanitarian, vegetarian
-ary从事……的人cretary, missionary
-ate具有……职责的人candidate, graduate
-ator做……的人educator, speculator
-crat某种政体、主义的支持者democrat, bureaucrat
-ee动作承受着employee, examinee
-eer从事于……的人engineer, volunteer
-er从事某职业的人，某地区、
地方的人banker, obrver, Londoner, villager
-e……国人，……地方的人Japane, Cantone
-ess阴性人称名词actress, hostess, manageress
-eur……家amateur, litterateur
-ian……地方人，信仰……教的
人，从事……职业的人
Christian, physician, musician -ician精通者，……家electrician, magician, technician -icist……家，……者，……能
手
physicist, phoneticist, technicist -ic……者，……师mechanic, critic
-ie爱称，指小diaries, auntie, lassie
-ier从事……职业cavalier, clothier, brazier
-ine, -ina阴性人称heroine, ballerina
-ist从事……研究者，信仰……
主义者pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist
-ive动作者，行动者native, captive
-logist……学家，研究者biologist, geologist
-or……者author, doctor, operator
-ster做……事情的人youngerster, gamester, songster -yer从事……职业者lawyer
(2)构成具有抽象名词的含义
后缀含义举例
-acy性质、状态、境遇accuracy, diplomacy
-age状态、行为、身份及结果、
总称
courage, storage, marriage
-al事物的动作、过程refusal, arrival, survival, denial
表示具体的事物manual, signal, editorial, journal
-ance, -ence性质、状态、行为、过程、
总量、程度endurance, importance, diligence, difference, obedience
-ancy, -ency性质、状态、行为、过程frequency, urgency, efficiency -bility动作、性质、状态possibility, feasibility
-craft工艺、技巧woodcraft, handicraft, statecraft -cracy统治、支配bureaucracy, democracy
-cy性质、状态、职位、级别bankruptcy, supremacy
-dom等级、领域、状态freedom, kingdom, wisdom
-ery, -ry行为、状态、习性bravery, bribery, rivalry
-ety性质、状态variety, dubiety
-faction, -facture作成，……化、作用satisfaction, manufacture
-hood资格、身份、年纪、状态childhood, falhood
-ice行为、性质、状态notice, justice, rvice
-ine带有抽象概念medicine, discipline, famine
-ing动作的过程，结果building, writing, learning
-ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition 行为的过程、结果、状况action, solution, conclusion,
destruction, expression, correction
-i性质、状态exerci, merchandi
-ism制度、主义、学说、信仰、
行为socialism, criticism, colloquialism, heroism
-
ity性质、状态、程度purity, reality, ability, calamity
-ment行为、状态、过程、手段及
其结果treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument
-mony动作的结果、状态ceremony, testimony
-ness性质、状态、程度goodness, kindness, tiredness
-or, -our动作、性质、状态favor, error
-osity动作、状态curiosity
-ship情况、性质、技巧、技能及hardship, membership, friendship
