试卷编号： | 123 |
考试时间： | 100 分钟 |
满分： | 50 分 |
Part 1 Multiple choices (Each item: 2) |
Directions:Read the following passages carefully and choo the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. |
Questions 1 to 5 are bad on the same passage. | |
Anger is a negative emotion. But, like being happy or excited, feeling angry makes people want to ek rewards, according to a new study of emotion and visual attention. The rearchers found that people who are angry pay more attention to rewards than to threats—the opposite of people feeling other negative emotions like fear. Previous rearch has shown that emotion affects what someone pays attention to. If a fearful or anxious person is given a choice of a rewarding picture, like a xy couple, and a threatening picture, like a person waving a knife threateningly, they will spend more time looking at the threat than at the rewarding picture. People feeling excited, however, are the other way—they will go for the reward. But nobody knows whether tho reactions occur becau the emotions are positive or negative, or becau of something el, says Brett Ford of Boston College, who wrote the study with Maya Tamir, also of Boston College, and four other authors. "For example," she says, "emotions can vary in what they make you want to do. Fear is associated with a motivation to avoid, whereas excitement is associated with a motivation to approach. It can make you want to ek out certain things, like rewards." The rearch is published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science. For her study, Ford focud on anger. Like fear, anger is a negative emotion. But, like excitement, anger motivates someone to go out and get rewards. First, participants in the study were assigned to write for 15 minutes about one of four memories in their past: a time when they were angry, afraid, excited and happy, or felt little or no emotion. A five-minute piece of music reinforced whichever emotion the participant had been assigned. Then they completed a task in which they had to examine two side-by-side pictures. An eye-tracking device monitored how much time they spent looking at each picture. Angry people spent more time looking at the rewarding pictures. "Looking at something is the first step before the thoughts and actions that follow," says Ford. "Attention kicks off an entire string of events that can end up influencing behavior." The people who felt happy and excited also looked more at the rewarding photos, but the two groups might act differently—an angry person might be motivated to approach something in a confrontational or aggressive way, while a happy person might go for something they want in a nicer way—by collaborating, being sociable and friendly. | |
1. | When people feel frightened, more attention is paid to ________________. |
A. negative emotions | |
B. positive emotions | |
C. threats | |
D. rewards | |
2. | What is known in the previous rearch mentioned in Paragraph 2? |
A. Anxious people pay more attention to threats. | |
B. Excited people pay more attention to threats. | |
C. Attention to threats or rewards is determined by emotion. | |
D. Attention to threats or rewards may vary from person to person. | |
3. | According to Ford, ________________. |
A. similar emotions always produce similar reactions from people | |
B. anger, like excitement, makes people pay more attention to rewards | |
C. negative emotions are related to a motivation to approach | |
D. positive emotions are related to a motivation to avoid | |
4. | The participant in Ford's study ________________. |
A. listened to a piece of music to help produce a special emotion | |
B. looked at two pictures when they have a specific emotion or no emotion at all | |
C. record the length of the time they spent looking at pictures | |
D. were made to become angry, excited and happy, or felt little or no emotion | |
5. | What is illustrated in Ford's study? |
A. Angry people tend to get something they want in an uncooperative way. | |
B. Excited people tend to get something they want in a threatening way. | |
C. Both angry people and excited people focus on rewards becau rewards are nicer. | |
D. Both angry people and excited people have a ries of action in a similar way. | |
Questions 6 to 10 are bad on the same passage. | |
Dogs are prone to bouts of envy and refu to play if they are not treated fairly, scientists have found. The animals stopped cooperating with rearchers and began to show signs of distress if they were not offered the same tasty rewards given to other dogs, the study showed. Affronted dogs refud to offer their paws when invited to and began scratching and yawning, indicating that their stress levels were rising, the scientists report. The finding suggests that dogs may share the n of fairness en in other social animals that engage in cooperative behavior, such as monkeys. Some scientists believe a n of justice could be crucial for social animals and may have played a role in the evolution of cooperation. Experiments led by Friederike Range at the University of Vienna tested how pairs of dogs reacted when each was given a different reward—either a piece of bread, some sausage, or nothing—in return for offering a paw to rearchers. In one of the tests the first dog was given a piece of bread as a reward, while the cond received nothing. When the test was repeated a number of times, the dog that got nothing quickly began to display what appeared to be envy. When the dogs were tested on their own, they continued to offer a paw even if they were not given a reward, suggesting they only became distresd if they thought they were being treated unfairly. "It tells us that dogs are nsitive to unequal rewards. Is it envy; is it a n of fairness? It's hard to say, becau a lot depends on how you define tho words," said Range. The rearchers conclude, "Our results suggest that species other than primates (灵长目动物) show at least a primitive version of inequity aversion." They now plan to test wolves in the same way. Last year, Frans de Waal at Emory University in Atlanta conducted similar experiments on capuchin monkeys (卷尾猴). In this ca, the monkeys were trained to give small stones in return for an edible treat. When de Waal tried to give out the treats unfairly, by offering some monkeys cucumbers instead of tastier grapes, the monkeys either refud the food, or took it and threw it on the floor. | |
6. | Dogs will not cooperate well when rearchers ________________. |
A. give them no food after their play | |
B. give them the same food as the other dogs | |
C. treat them in different ways | |
D. treat them in the same way as the other dogs | |
7. | What does the word "affronted" (Line 1, Para 2) most probably mean? |
A. confronted | |
B. ashamed | |
C. lazy | |
D. angry | |
8. | According to experiments led by Friederike Range, which of the following findings is right? |
A. Dogs usually behave themlves without realizing the existence of unfairness. | |
B. Dogs usually become mirable with the existence of unfairness. | |
C. Compared with monkeys, dogs are more likely to become envious. | |
D. It is true that dogs are similar to monkeys in that they share the n of fairness. | |
9. | Which kind of animals have been proved to share the same n of fairness as dogs? |
A. wolves | |
B. capuchin monkeys | |
C. human beings | |
D. cooperative wolves | |
10. | What's the main idea of the passage? |
A. Dogs will have negative feelings when they find they are treated unfairly. | |
B. Dogs have a strong n of fairness, which is quite similar to wolves. | |
C. Dogs react to unfair treatment very well becau of their n of fairness. | |
D. Dogs hate inequality even since the primitive times, unlike capuchin monkeys. | |
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