文学理论英文专业术语LiteraryTerms
1. Literature of the absurd: (荒诞派文学) The term is applied to a number of works in drama and pro fiction which have in common the n that the human condition is esntially absurd, and that this condition can be adequately reprented only in works of literature that are themlves absurd. The current movement emerged in France after the Second World War, as a rebellion against esntial beliefs and values of traditional culture and traditional literature. They hold the belief that a human being is an isolated existent who is cast into an alien univer and the human life in its fruitless arch for purpo and meaning is both anguish and absurd.
2. Theater of the absurd: (荒诞派戏剧) belongs to literature of the absurd. Two reprentatives of this school are Eugene Ionesco, French author of The Bald Soprano (1949) (此作品中文译名<秃头歌女>), and Samuel Beckett, Irish author of Waiting for Godot (1954) (此作品是荒诞派戏剧代表作<等待戈多>). They project the irrationalism, helplessness and absurdity of life in dramatic forms that reject realistic ttings, logical reasoning, or a coherently evolving plot.
3. Black comedy or black humor: (黑色幽默) it mostly employed to describe baleful, naïve, or inept characters in a fantastic or nightmarish modern world playing out their roles in what Ionesco called a “tragic farce”, in which the events are often simultaneously comic, horrifying, and absurd. Joph Heller’s Catch-22 (美国著名作家约瑟夫海勒<二十二条军规>) can be taken as an example of the employment of this technique.
4. Aestheticism or the Aesthetic Movement（唯美主义）: it began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by some French artists. They declared that art should rve no religious, moral or social purpo. The two most important reprentatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walt Pater and Oscar Wilde.
5. Allegory（寓言）: a tale in ver or pro in which characters, actions, or ttings reprent abstract ideas or moral qualities, such as John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.
6. Fable（寓言）: is a short narrative, in pro or ver, that exemplifies an abstract moral thesis or principle of human behavior. Most common is the beast fable, in which animals talk and act like the human types they reprent. The fables in Western cultures derive mainly from the stories attributed to Aesop, a Greek slave of the sixth century B. C.
7. Parable（寓言）: is a very short narrative about human beings prented so as to stress analogy with a general lesson that the narrator is trying to bring home to his audience. For example, the Bible contains lots of parables employed by Jesus Christ to make his flock understand his preach.
(注意以上三个词在汉语中都翻译成语言，但是内涵并不相同，不要搞混)
8. Alliteration（头韵）: the repetition of the initial consonant sounds. In Old English alliterative meter, alliteration is the principal organizing device of the ver line, such as in Beowulf.
9. Consonance is the repetition of a quence of two or more consonants but with a change in the intervening vowel, such as “live and love”.
10. Assonance is the repetition of identical or similar vowel, especially in stresd syllables, in a quence of nearby words, such as “child of silence”.
11. Allusion （典故）is a reference without explicit identification, to a literary or historical person, place, or event, or to another literary work or passage. Most literary allusions are intended to be recognized by the generally educated readers of the author’s time, but some are aimed at a special group.
12. Ambiguity（复义性）: Since William Empson（燕卜荪） published Seven Types of Ambiguity（《复义七型》）, the term has been widely ud in criticism to identify a deliberate poetic device: the u of a single word or expression to signify two or more distinct references, or to express two or more diver attitudes or feeling.
13. Antihero（反英雄）：the chief character in a modern novel or play who character is totally different from the traditional heroes. Instead of manifesting largeness, dignity, power, or heroism, the antihero is petty, passive, ineffectual or dishonest. For example, the heroine of Defoe’s Moll Flanders is a thief and a prostitute.
14. Antithesis（对照）：(a figure of speech) An antithesis is often expresd in a balanced ntence, that is, a ntence in which identical or similar syntactic structure is ud to express contrasting ideas. For example, “Marriage has many pains, but celibacy（独身生活）has no pleasures.” by Samuel Johnson obviously employs antithesis.
15. Archaism（拟古）：the literary u of words and expressions that have become obsolete in the common speech of an era. For example, the translators of the King James Version of Bible gave weight and dignity to their pro by employing archaism.
