2019-2020年高考英语词汇综述与句子成分(下) 讲义
写在前面:
哪怕是藏书最丰富的图书馆,如果书籍放置混乱的话,其实际用处也不急一个收藏不多、但却整理得有条有理的小图书室。同样,大量的知识如果未经自己思想的细心加工处理,其价值也远远逊色于数量更少、但却经过头脑多方反复斟酌的知识。这是因为只有通过把每一真是的知识相互比较,把我们的所知从各个方面和角度融会贯通以后,我们才算是完全掌握这些知识,它们也才真正地为自己所用。我们只能深思自己所知的东西----这样我们就真正学到了一些道理;但反过来说,也只有经过深思的东西才能成为我们的真知。
----德国哲学家叔本华
1. The government plans to bring in new laws ____ parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children.
A.forced
B.forcing
< be forced
D.having forced
2. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, ____ all four people on board.
A.having killed
B.killing
C.kills
< kill
3. Bill suggested ____ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.
A.having held
< hold
C.holding
D.hold
你能快速并且准确地完成这三道题目吗?它们之间的语法知识怎样融汇贯通?打扎实语法基础才能抓住其千变万化之秘诀。
词汇综述
单词可以分成六类实词,四类虚词。实词在句中独立充当成分,虚词不充当句子成分。实词:
名词人或者事物,掌握名词的单复数形式、所有格,注意名词词义辨析
代词人称代词,物主代词,指示代词,不定代词
形容词普通形容词,只做表语的形容词(asleep)
形容词辨析respectful respectable respective
imaginary imaginable imaginative
副词修饰动词和形容词表示方式、程度、伴随状况
数词比较简单,注意几种考试会涉及的形式即可
动词实义动词连系动词(表示主语状态)情态动词助动词
虚词
感叹词
冠词定冠词不定冠词
介词不难理解介词的意思,但是用法上的区分得下功夫,理清各个介词适用的范围
连词主要是构成各种从句
句中九大成分:主语谓语宾语宾语补足语表语定语状语同位语独立成分
主语:名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词、从句
谓语:动词有各种时态、语态及语气变化
宾语:动作的承受者,和主语类似。
直接宾语
间接宾语 get sb sth, get sth for sb sb就是间接宾语
宾语与宾语补足语(说明主语的身份或状态)一起做复合宾语,逻辑上有主谓关
系,常用it做形式宾语
介宾结构
宾语补足语:及物动词后补充宾语 We consider the answer correct.
名词、形容词、不定时、as从句,副词,介词短语,各类从句表语:系动词后面的成分,说明主语
定语:修饰名词代词
状语:修饰动词、副词、形容词或者整个句子
同位语:that或者插入语
五类句子基本结构:
1.主谓谓语通常是不及物动词
2.主谓宾及物动词
3.主系表 The story is intersting.
4.主谓双宾 Plea pass me a cup of tea.
5.主谓宾宾补 We’d better keep the windows open.
We found a man lying on the ground.
2019-2020年高考英语一轮复习 BookII Unit2教学案人教大纲版
理解:要点诠释
单词
1.ldom
讲: adv.不常;很少(用于句首时,用倒装句)
例:She ldom goes out for dinner.
=Seldom does she go out for dinner.
她不常到外面用晚餐。
链接·提示
常见的否定副词有not,never,ldom,little,hardly等,这些词位于句首时,主谓倒装,即使用一般疑问句的词序。
练:I’ve been working for over twenty years and ldom ________ so tired as now.
A.I have felt
B.I had felt
C.have I felt
D.had I felt
提示:本题考查动词时态以及倒装句的用法。首先,否定副词ldom用于句首时,要求用倒装句式。另外,此处的动作表示到目前为止的情况,所以使用现在完成时。
答案:C
2.disappoint v. 使失望;阻碍(计划等)实现
讲:disappointed adj. 失望的
disappointing adj. 令人失望的
disappointment n. 失望;令人失望的人或事
例:His behaviour disappointed me.
他的行为令我失望。
I was disappointed at/in/with the result.
我对这个结果很失望。
He was disappointed to hear the news.
他听了这个消息而感到失望。
How disappointing the news is!
这消息真令人失望!
To my disappointment,he failed again.
令我失望的是,他又失败了。
You are a disappointment.
你真令人失望(你是个令人失望的人)。
链接·提示
下列动词都有“使某人……”的意思:interest,surpri,frighten,plea,excite,move,并且都可以构成-ed和-ing两种形容词。注意比较-ed表示人所处于的状态,而-ing形式则表示主语(物)的性质。但要注意:His disappointed look suggested that the news was not good.此处表明从他的外部表情就可以了了解到他内心的感受“对消息感到失望”。
练:The news report proved _________.
A.disappointing
< disappoint
< disappointing
D.disappointed
提示:prove在此相当于连系动词的用法,后面用to be+形容词,也可直接跟形容词作表语。disappointing 令人失望的。
答案:A
3.attitude n. 态度;看法
例:He took a friendly attitude to/towards us.
他对我们采取友善的态度。
What is your attitude to this plan?
对于这个计划,你有什么意见?
链接·提示
比较attitude和manner。attitude一般表示对某事的一时的看法和态度,而manner则指成为个人的习惯、特征的态度和举止。I don’t like to talk to him;he has a very rude manner.我不喜欢和他交谈,他态度粗野。
练:To change attitudes_________ employing women,the government is bringing in new laws. A.about B.of C.towards D.on
提示:固定用法attitude towards“对……的态度”。
答案:C
短语
1.for once
讲:该短语的意思为“就这一次”,在句子中作状语。for this/that once 只这/那一次;就这/那一回。
例:I wish for once in my life to visit Paris.
我盼望一生中至少有一次去访问巴黎。
For once,he was late for class again.
这一次,他又迟到了。
For once,Mr.Brown was asking for support.
只有这一次,布朗先生开口求人了。
I’ll forgive you for this once.
我只原谅你一次。
链接·拓展
at once 马上;立刻;同时。all at once 突然,忽然;同时;一同。once more/once again 再一次。once upon a time很久以前。
练:Don’t all speak _________! Just one by one.
A.at once
B.for once
C.all at once
< more 提示:本句话的意思为“不要全体同时说”。后面one by one给出了语境。
答案:A
2.look
讲:尊敬;尊重;崇敬;赞颂;赞赏注意比较look up“参考,查阅”。
例:They all looked up to her.
他们都尊敬她。
We all look up to him as our leader.
我们都尊他为我们的领袖。
链接·拓展
look down on 往下看;轻视;瞧不起
Don’t look down upon this kind of work.
别瞧不起这种工作。
look forward to 期待;盼望
I’m looking forward to her arrival.
我正在期待她的来临。
look out for 当心;留意;寻找
We must look out for snakes.
我们必须当心蛇。
练:If you don’t know how to u the word,you’d better ________ in the dictionary.
A.look it up
B.look up it
C.look up to it
D.look it up to
提示:从句子的意思判断,此处表示“在词典中查阅答案”,所以先排除C和D项。在短语动词中,代词应该位于动词和副词之间。
答案:A
句型
more than的句型结构
讲:注意观察下面教材原句:
Newspapers and other media do more than simply record what happens.
报纸和其他媒体不仅仅是记录已发生的事情。
more than有以下用法:
(1)more than+数词,意为“……以上;多于……;……有余”。
(2)more than+名词,意为“不只;不仅仅”。
(3)more than+形容词或副词,意为“非常;十分;更加;岂止”。
(4)more than+动词,意为“十分;大大地;不仅仅”。
(5)an/could,意为“不是……所能……的”。
例:More than 20 club members attended the meeting.
有20多个俱乐部成员出席会议。
Peace is much more than the abnce of war.
和平不仅仅是意味着没有战争。
He is more than lfish.他非常自私。
I am more than happy to hear that.
听到这我非常高兴。
Her performance was more than good;it was perfect.
她的表演岂止是好,简直是完美无缺。
He more than smiled;he laughed outright.
他岂止是微笑,他简直是大笑了。
The beauty of Hangzhou is more than words can describe.
杭州之美是语言所不能描述的。
That’s more than I can tell you,sir.
这一点我是不能告诉您的,先生。
链接·提示
no more than=only“仅仅”;not more than“不多于”。
练:(1)(xx江苏南京一模) At the ______ spot,the president was shot 10 years ago when I was still _________ a child of ven.
A.just;but
B.very;more than
C.just;no more than
D.very;little more than
提示:very在此译为“就是”,at the very spot“就是在现场”;little more than“只不过”。
答案:D
(2)—If you tell your class teacher what you have done,he will be _______ a little angry. —Yeah,I know.He will talk to my parents.
B.up to
C.much more
< than
提示:本题考查副词的用法。more than a little 的意思为“不是一点点;多于一点点”,其实际意义为:勃然大怒。
答案:D
辨析
1.injure,hurt,wound,damage,harm
五者都有“伤害、受伤、损伤”之意。injure指意外伤害(人或动物的身体、健康、外表、感情、名声等);hurt指肉体上的伤害或精神上比较轻微的损伤;wound 尤指以武器或凶器等造成外伤;damage 多指损害非生物的价值或功能;harm 尤指给予重大的损伤或剧烈的痛苦。
即时练习:
(1)He ________ my hand by twisting it.
(2)The shell ________ him in the head.
(3)In the railroad accident 300 people were ________.
(4)I was rather ________ by what they said about me.
(5)The storm ________ hundreds of hous.
(6)The news ________ her reputation.
答案:(1)hurt (2)wounded (3)injured (4)hurt (5)damaged (6)harmed
2.u up,give out,run out,run out of
这四个短语都有“用完,用光,耗尽,用尽”之意,但用法不同。u up 为及物动词短语;